List with GMOs and genetic elements

The GMO genetic element thesaurus (GMO_GET) is shown by pressing “show tree”. It reflects the function of and the relationship between genetic elements.

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Genetic Element	Synonyms	Donor	Trait	Function	Definition	BCH
coding sequence
>CS-1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase
>CS-accD-PSECL	acc deaminase	Pseudomonas chlororaphis	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered ripening or flowering	promotes plant growth by sequestering and cleaving plant-produced ACC, a direct precurser of ethylene, and thereby lowering the level of ethylene in the plant. Among others, ethylene is involved in plant senescence, flowering, fruit ripening, and in the plant's respone to physical and environmental stresses. Expression in transgenic plants leads to decreased ethylene levels, thereby allowing to delay fruit ripening or protect plants from damage caused by pathogens or a wide variety of environmental stresses. Glick (2005) FEMS Microbiol. Letters 251:1-7	1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (accD) gene. Glick (2005) FEMS Microbiol. Letters 251:1-7	15013
>CS-1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase
>CS-acc-DIACA	acc synthase, S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase, acs2	Dianthus caryophyllus	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered ripening or flowering	is a direct precurser of ethylene; is the rate-limiting reaction in ethylene biosynthesis. Among others, ethylene is involved in plant senescence, fruit ripening and flowering and in the plant's respone to physical and environmental stresses. Park et al. (1992) Mol Biol 18(2):377-386. The insertion of the carnation derived petal-specific acc gene leads to the co-suppression of the autologous carnation acc-synthase genes. This results in a decreased production of ACC synthase in the petals, leading to a reduced ethylene production in the petals and to a retardation of senescence. Notification C/NL/97/12	1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene; petal-specific. Park et al. (1992) Mol Biol 18(2):377-386	15012
>CS-acc2-SOLLC	Le-acc2, S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase 2, acc synthase2, acs2	Solanum lycopersicum	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered ripening or flowering	is a direct precurser of ethylene; the ACC synthase is the rate-limiting reaction in ethylene biosynthesis. Among others, ethylene is involved in plant senescence, fruit ripening and flowering and in the plant's respone to physical and environmental stresses. Rottmann et al. (1991) J. Mol. Biol. 222 (4):937-961. The expression of a truncated version of the tomato acc2 in transgenic tomato plants leads to a downregulation of the endogenous acc synthase gene, leading to a reduced ethylene production and to a retardation of fruit ripening. Canadian Novel Food Information Document FD/OFB-095-306-A (1999)	1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene. Rottmann et al. (1991) J. Mol. Biol. 222 (4):937-961	15014
>CS-acs2_RNAi_s-SOLLC	acc2	Solanum lycopersicum	Composition alteration > Reduced acrylamide potential
>CS-acs_RNAi_as-ANACO	acc synthase	Ananas comosus	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered ripening or flowering > Reduced ethylene synthesis	Part of an RNAi expression system to down regulate endogenous ACC synthase	406 bp 3' sequence of meristem-specifc 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase gene, in the antisense orientation
>CS-acs_RNAi_s-ANACO	acc synthase	Ananas comosus	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered ripening or flowering > Reduced ethylene synthesis	Part of an RNAi expression system to down regulate endogenous ACC synthase	406 bp 3' sequence of meristem-specifc 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)synthase gene, in the sense orientation.
>CS-2OG_dependent oxygenase
>CS-tdo-ORYSA	HIS1, HPPD inhibitor sensitive 1	Oryza sativa	Herbicide tolerance > HPPD inhibitor tolerance > Mesotrione tolerance	Confers tolerance to mesotrione. Dai, S., et al. (2022). Sci, 78: 2816-2827. doi: 10.1002/ps.6904.	The triketone dioxygenase gene (tdo) encodes the triketone dioxygenase (TDO) protein of Oryza sativa. tdo is a codon optimized version of rice oxygenase HIS1 (HPPD inhibitor sensitive 1 gene). Maeda H. et al (2019). Science, 365(6451), 393-396.
>CS-3"(9)-O-aminoglycoside adenyltransferase
>CS-aadA-ECOLX	Streptomycin 3''-adenylyltransferase	Escherichia coli	Selection markers and reporter genes > Streptomycin/spectromycin resistance	confers resistance to the aminoglycoside antibiotics spectinomycin and streptomycin; is typically used as a marker gene. This element is derived from the Tn7 transposon and contains its own bacterial regulatory elements. Fling et al. (1985) Nucleic Acid Res. 13(19):7095-7106. It is therefore not expressed in plants	3''(9)-O-aminoglycoside adenyltransferase (aadA). Fling et al. (1985) Nucleic Acid Res. 13(19):7095-7106	15033
>CS-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
>CS-HPPD-AVESA		Avena sativa
>CS-HPPD-PSEFL	4-hydroxypyruvyldioxygenase, CS-hppdPfW336, hppdPf-4Pa	Pseudomonas fluorescens		confers tolerance to HPPD-inhibitor herbicides such as isoxaflutole, topramezone or mesotrione. Moran, G.R. (2005). Arch Biochem Biophys, 433, 117-128	sequence encoding a 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase variant. Patent US6245968B1	104793
>CS-5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase
>CS-CP4epsps-RHIRD	aroA	Agrobacterium tumefaciens ssp. CP4	Herbicide tolerance > Glyphosate tolerance	The CP4 EPSPS protein is similar and functionally identical to endogenous plant EPSPS enzymes, but has a much reduced affinity for glyphosate relative to endogenous plant EPSPS. Padgette et al. (1996) J Nutr 126:728-40	5-enolpyruvylshikimate- 3-phosphate synthase gene. Steinruecken et al. (1980) Biochem Biophys Res Com. 94:1207-1212	14979
>CS-dgt28-epsps-STRSV		Streptomyces sviceus	Herbicide tolerance > Glyphosate tolerance	EPSPS enzyme mediates tolerance to high concentrations of glyphosate.	DGT28 5-enolpiruvilshikimate- 3-phosphate synthase gene from Streptomyces sviceus strain ATCC 29083 belonging to the new Class IV of EPSPS enzymes. Griffin et al. (2021) J. Argric. Food Chem. 69:5096-5104. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00439
>CS-epsps-ARTGO	3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase, epsps ace5, epsps grg23, grg23ace5	Arthrobacter globiformis	Herbicide tolerance > Glyphosate tolerance	is a synthetic gene which is similar to the epsps grg23 gene from the soil bacterium Arthrobacter globiformis. It codes for a modified 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase derived from the native A. globiformis EPSPS protein which exhibits an inherent tolerance to glyphosate. Genective (2016) VCO-01981-5 maize Summary of Application EFSA GMO DE/2016/130; Schouten et al. (2010) US Patent No 7834249 B2	5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (epsps) gene, modified. Schouten et al. (2010) US Patent No 7834249 B2	101942
>CS-epsps-MAIZE	TIPS EPSPS, 2mepsps, mepsps	Zea mays	Herbicide tolerance > Glyphosate tolerance	modified sequence drived from Zea mays. Because of two point mutations leading to two amino acid exchanges (T102I and P106S) it is insensitive to glyphosate. Plants expressing this modified epsps gene are therefore tolerant to glyphosate-containing herbicides. Lebrun et al. (2003) US6566587 B1	5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene, modified. Lebrun et al. (2003) US6566587 B1	46333
>CS-G10epsps-DEIRA	G10evo-epsps	Deinococcus radiodurans strain R1	Herbicide tolerance > Glyphosate tolerance	confers resistance to glyphosate. XIAO et al. (2019). JIA,18(8): 1851-1858.	5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene G10 (G10-EPSPS).
>CS-acetohydroxy acid synthase
>CS-ahas-ARATH	AtALS, CSR1, TZP5, acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene, csr-1	Arabidopsis thaliana	Herbicide tolerance > ALS/AHAS inhibitor tolerance	catalyses the first step in the synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine. Four mutants (A122V, W574S, W574L or S653N) of the ahas gene from Arabidopsis thaliana were shown to confer resistance to AHAS-inhibiting herbicides such as imidazolinone and sulfonylurea. Chang and Duggleby (1998). Biochem J, 333, 765-777	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene (mutated) from Arabidopsis thaliana. Chang and Duggleby (1998). Biochem J, 333, 765-777	48073
>CS-ahas_tr-ARATH		Arabidopsis thaliana		in general catalyses the first step in the synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine. Here used as a spacer region.	Fragment of an acetohydroxy acid synthase gene; a 2 kb partial sequence (not expressed).
>CS-ahas-MAIZE	acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene, zm-hra	Zea mays	Herbicide tolerance > ALS/AHAS inhibitor tolerance > Sulfonylurea tolerance	catalyses the first step in the synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine. Native AHAS is normally inhibited by sulfonylurea herbicides. Mutated versions of the AHAS gene from Zea mays confer tolerance to AHAS inhibiting herbicides such as sulfonylurea. Duggleby and Pang (2000). J Biochem Mol Biol, 33, 1-36	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene (mutated). Lawrence et al. (1992). Plant Mol Biol 18, 1185-1187	48364
>CS-ahas-ORYSA	Acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene	Oryza sativa	Herbicide tolerance > ALS/AHAS inhibitor tolerance > Sulfonylurea tolerance	mediates the first step in the biosynthesis pathway of branched-chain amino acids. McCourt and Duggleby (2006) Amino Acids 31(2):173-210	acetohydroxy acid synthase from rice. McCourt and Duggleby (2006) Amino Acids 31(2):173-210	104877
>CS-ahas-SOYBN	ALS, CS-Gm-hra, CS-gm-hra, Glycine max herbicide-resistant acetolactate synthase	Glycine max	Herbicide tolerance > ALS/AHAS inhibitor tolerance > Sulfonylurea tolerance	catalyses the first step in the synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine. Native AHAS is normally inhibited by sulfonylurea herbicides. However, site directed mutagenesis introduced two mutataions (P183A and W560L) that lead to an insensitive version of the enzyme ahas from Glycine max. Its expression confers resistance to AHAS-inhibiting herbicides such as sulfonylurea herbicides. Tan et al. (2005). Pest manag Sci, 61, 246-257	Herbicide-resistant acetohydroxy acid synthase gene (mutated). Sebastian et al. (1989). Crop Sci, 29, 1403-1408; Sebastian (1992). US5084082A; Tan et al. (2005). Pest manag Sci, 61, 246-257	100268
>CS-ahas1_genome edited-GLYMA	Acetolactate synthase 1, Acetolactate synthase I, als1	Glycine max	Herbicide tolerance > ALS/AHAS inhibitor tolerance	Acetohydroxy acid synthase is the target enzyme for sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. Mutants of the ahas gene were shown to confer resistance to those herbicides. Ghio C. et al (2013). Theor Appl Genet, 126: 2957-2968. doi: 10.1007/s00122-013-2185-7	Gene encoding for the acetohydroxy acid synthase 1, also known as acetolactate synthase 1 (als1) in Glycine max. Ghio C. et al (2013). Theor Appl Genet, 126: 2957-2968. doi: 10.1007/s00122-013-2185-7
>CS-ahas1_genome edited-HOST	ALS1, Acetolactate synthase 1, Acetolactate synthase I	Brassica napus	Herbicide tolerance > ALS/AHAS inhibitor tolerance	acetohydroxy acid synthase is the target enzyme for sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. Mutants of the ahas gene were shown to confer resistance to those herbicides.	Acetohydroxy acid synthase 1 gene	110265
>CS-ahas3-HOST	ALS3, Acetolactate synthase 3, Acetolactate synthase III	Brassica napus	Herbicide tolerance > ALS/AHAS inhibitor tolerance	acetohydroxy acid synthase is the target enzyme for sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. Mutants of the ahas gene were shown to confer resistance to those herbicides.	Acetohydroxy acid synthase 3 gene	110260
>CS-ahas3_genome edited-BRANA	Acetolactate synthase 3, Acetolactate synthase III, ahasL1A-A122(At)T/S653(At)N	Brassica napus	Herbicide tolerance > ALS/AHAS inhibitor tolerance	involved in the biosynthesis of branched chain amino acids, essential for plant growth and development. Target enzyme for sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. Mutants of the ahas gene were shown to confer resistance to those herbicides.	Acetohydroxy acid synthase 3 gene from the A genome of Brassia napus. Rutledge et al. (1991) Mol Gen Genet. 229(1):31-40	110260
>CS-ahas_genome edited-ORYSA	ALS, OsALS, acetolactate synthase	Oryza sativa	Herbicide tolerance > ALS/AHAS inhibitor tolerance	involved in the biosynthesis of branched chain amino acids, essential for plant growth and development. Mutants of the ahas gene were shown to confer resistance to AHAS-inhibiting herbicides such as bispyribac-sodium.	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene from rice. Li et al. (2016). J Genet Genomics, 43(5):297-305
>CS-SuRB-TOBAC	ALS, CS-SuRB, acetolactate synthase, ahas-TOBAC	Nicotiana tabacum	Herbicide tolerance > ALS/AHAS inhibitor tolerance > Sulfonylurea tolerance	catalyses the first step in the synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine. Native AHAS is normally inhibited by sulfonylurea herbicides. However a naturally occurring mutation causes the production of an altered form of AHAS (designated SuRB). Its expression confers resistance to AHAS-inhibiting herbicides such as sulfonylurea herbicides. Mazur et al. (1987). Plant Physiol, 85, 1110-1117	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene (SuRB). Mazur et al. (1987). Plant Physiol 85, 1110-1117	15177
>CS-SuRB_S4-TOBAC	ALS, CS-S4-HrA, CS-SuRB S4, acetolactate synthase, ahas-TOBAC	Nicotiana tabacum	Herbicide tolerance > ALS/AHAS inhibitor tolerance > Sulfonylurea tolerance	catalyses the first step in the synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine. Native AHAS is normally inhibited by sulfonylurea herbicides. However, the S4 ALS is a chimeric gene derived from two different tobacco AHAS genes. The S4 ALS contains two resistance mutations . Its expression confers resistance to AHAS-inhibiting herbicides such as sulfonylurea herbicides. Lee et al. (1988). The EMBL Journal, 7, 1241-1248	S4 Acetohydroxy acid synthase (SuRB-S4). Lee et al. (1988). The EMBL Journal, 7, 1241-1248	15164
>CS-acid invertase
>CS-Vinv_genome edited-SOLTU	AI, Pain-1, vacuolar invertase	Solanum tuberosum	Composition alteration > Reduced acrylamide potential	catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into fructose and glucose. Accumulated reducing sugars in potato tubers react with amino acids during high temperature frying, leading to undesired dark colouring and acrylamide as a by-product.	Vacuolar acid invertase gene, Zhu et al. (2014) PLOS ONE 9(4):e93381	109064
>CS-Vinv_RNAi_as-SOLTU	AI, acid invertase	Solanum tuberosum	Composition alteration > Reduced acrylamide potential	Part of an RNAi expression system to down regulate endogenous vacuolar acid invertase.	Fragment of the vacuolar acid invertase (Vinv) isolated from Solanum tuberosum in antisense orientation. Ye, J. et al. (2010). J Agric Food Chem 58(23), 12162-12167
>CS-Vinv_RNAi_s-SOLTU	AI, acid invertase	Solanum tuberosum	Composition alteration > Reduced acrylamide potential	Part of an RNAi expression system to down regulate endogenous vacuolar acid invertase.	Fragment of the vacuolar acid invertase (Vinv) isolated from Solanum tuberosum in sense orientation. Ye, J. et al. (2010). J Agric Food Chem 58(23), 12162-12167
>CS-acyl transferase
>CS-bahd01_genome edited-SACHY	AT9	Saccharum sp.	Composition alteration > Altered cell wall rigidity	Enzyme playing a role in the addition of phenolic acids on cell wall polymers thereby influencing cell wall rigidity. Mota T.R. et al. (2021). Plant J 105(1):136-150. doi: 10.1111/tpj.15046	Gene encoding the BAHD acyl transferase 1 in Saccharum sp. de Souza, W.R. et al. (2019). Biotechnol Biofuels 12(111) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-019-1450-7
>CS-bahd05_genome edited-SACHY	AT1	Saccharum sp.	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered sugars content	Enzyme playing a role in the addition of phenolic acids on cell wall polymers thereby influencing cell wall rigidity. Mota T.R. et al. (2021). Plant J 105(1):136-150. doi: 10.1111/tpj.15046	Gene encoding the BAHD acyl transferase 5 in Saccharum sp. de Souza, W.R. et al. (2019). Biotechnol Biofuels 12(111) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-019-1450-7
>CS-ALCATRAZ
>CS-alc_genome edited-BRANA	BnALC	Brassica napus	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered silique shatter resistance	ALC is involved in valve margin development and, thus, contributes to seed shattering from mature fruits. Knocking out ALC might increase shatter resistance. Braatz J et al. (2017). Plant Physiol, 174(2):935-942	Transcription factor ALC. Rapeseed has two ALC homoeologs, BnaA07g12110D (BnaA.ALC.a) and BnaC07g16290D (BnaC.ALC.a).
>CS-alpha-amylase
>CS-amy-MAIZE	1,4-D-Glucan glucanohydrolase, maize alpha-amylase, zm-aa1	Zea mays	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Male sterility	hydrolyses starch (Young et al. (1994) Plant Physiol. 105(2):759-760); expression leads to the depletion of starch reserves that renders the pollen infertile. USDA, APHIS (2011) Environmental Assessment DP-32138-1	Alpha-amylase gene (aa1). Young et al. (1994) Plant Physiol. 105(2):759-760	105057
>CS-amy797E-SYNTH	amy797E alpha-amylase, amy797E α-amylase	Synthetic	Composition alteration > Enhanced bioethanol production	codes for a thermotolerant alpha-amylase. It is composed of gene segments derived from three parental alpha-amylase genes originating from strains of the archeal order Thermococcales; enhances bioethanol production by increasing the thermostability of amylase used in degrading starch. EFSA Journal (2013). 11(6), 3252; Richardson et al. (2002). J Biol Chem, 277(29), 26501-26507	Chimeric alpha-amylase gene amy797E derived from Thermococcales spp. Richardson et al. (2002). J Biol Chem, 277(29), 26501-26507	14966
>CS-alpha-glucan water dikinase R1
>CS-R1_RNAi_as-SOLTU		Solanum tuberosum				106425
>CS-R1_RNAi_s-SOLTU		Solanum tuberosum				106425
>CS-AP2 transcription factor
>CS-odp2_MAIZE	AP2-like ethylene-responsive transcription factor, BBM2, ZmBBM, baby boom, zm-odp2	Zea mays	Alteration in growth, development or product quality	improves monocot transformation.	odp2 is an ovule development protein from Zea mays, GenBank XM008676474, Lowe K et al. (2016). Plant Cell, 28:1998-2015
>CS-aryloxy alkanoate dioxygenase
>CS-aad1-SPHHE	RdpA, aad-1	Sphingobium herbicidovorans	Herbicide tolerance > 2,4-D tolerance	can degrade 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); can also cleave members of the aryloxyphenoxypropionate (AOPP) class of potent grass-selective herbicides, thereby providing resistance to two distinct classes of herbicides. Wright et al. (2010) PNAS 107(47):20240-20245	Aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase 1 gene (aad1). Wright et al. (2010) PNAS 107(47):20240-20245	104812
>CS-aad12-DELAC	SdpA, aad-12	Delftia acidovorans	Herbicide tolerance > 2,4-D tolerance	can degrade 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); also acts on a wider repertoire of synthetic auxins, thereby providing resistance to a broader variety of synthetic-auxin herbicides. Wright et al. (2010) PNAS 107(47):20240-20245	Aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase 12 gene (aad12). Wright et al. (2010) PNAS 107(47):20240-20245	104805
>CS-ft_t-SPHHE	FT protein, FT-T protein	Sphingobium herbicidovorans	Herbicide tolerance > 2,4-D tolerance	produces dioxygenase which confers tolerance to FOP and 2,4-D.	Optimized dioxygenase enzyme variants named FT_T enzyme (FOP and 2,4-D tolerance enzymes). Larue , CT et al. (2019) Pest Manag Sci, 75(8):2086-2094.
>CS-asparagine synthetase-1
>CS-Asn1_RNAi_as-SOLTU	CS-Asn1, Aspartate-ammonia ligase	Solanum tuberosum				106421
>CS-Asn1_RNAi_s-SOLTU	Aspartate-ammonia ligase	Solanum tuberosum				106421
>CS-B-box32
>CS-BBX32-ARATH	AtBBX32, B-box domain protein 32, EIP6, EMF1-Interacting Protein 6	Arabidopsis thaliana	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Enhanced growth rate or yield	interacts with endogenous transcription factors to regulate the plant's diurnal processes and light signaling. Expression in plants results in an increased growth rate. Holtan et al. (2011). Plant Phys, 156, 2109-2123	B-box domain protein 32 gene. Khanna et al. (2009). Plant Cell, 21, 3416-3420; Putterill et al. (1995). Cell, 80, 847-857	105599
>CS-barnase
>CS-barnase-BACAM		Bacillus amyloliquefaciens	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Male sterility	codes for a ribonuclease enzyme (RNAse); when expressed in plants (without its inhibitor Barstar) interferes with RNA production in tapetum cells, thus disrupting their normal cell functioning and preventing the development of pollen which leads to male sterility. Mariani et al. (1992) Nature 357:384-387	Ribonuclease gene barnase. Mariani et al. (1992) Nature 357:384-387	14973
>CS-barstar
>CS-barstar-BACAM		Bacillus amyloliquefaciens	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Fertility restoration	specifically inhibits barnase RNAse by forming a stable one-to-one complex; when pollen from the restorer line (expressing barstar) is crossed to the male sterile line (expressing Barnase), the resultant progeny express the RNAse inhibitor in the tapetum cells of the anthers allowing hybrid plants to develop normal anthers and restore fertility. Mariani et al. (1992) Nature 357:384-387	Ribonuclease inhibitor gene barstar. Mariani et al. (1992) Nature 357:384-387	14974
>CS-berberine bridge enzyme-like
>CS-bbl_genome edited-TOBAC		Nicotiana tabacum	Composition alteration > Reduced nicotine	Genes of the BBL family encode enzymes that catalyze one of the final steps of nicotine biosynthesis. Maximal nicotine reduction is achieved as multiple BBL mutations are pyramided together.	berberine bridge enzyme-like gene family (BBL). Genes of this family encode enzymes that are flavin-containing oxidases. Kajikawa M et al. (2011). Plant Physiol, 155: 2010-2022
>CS-beta-1,4-endoglucanase
>CS-cel1-ARATH		Arabidopsis thaliana	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Enhanced growth rate or yield	links to non-crystalline cellulose and xyloglucans promoting relaxation of cell walls during the phases of expansion and elongation of the plant cell.	Enzyme beta-1,4-endoglucanase (Cel1). CTNBio Technical Opinion no. 4408/2015	109046
>CS-beta-glucuronidase
>CS-uidA-ECOLX	Beta-D-glucuronoside glucuronosohydrolase, CS-GUS, beta-glucuronidase, gurA, gusA	Escherichia coli	Selection markers and reporter genes > b-glucuronidase (GUS) activity	codes for a beta-glucuronidase (GUS); is typically used as a reporter gene or visual marker gene. Jefferson et al. (1987) The EMBO Journal 6(13):3901-3907	uidA (gus) gene. Jefferson et al. (1987) The EMBO Journal 6(13):3901-3907	46004
>CS-biotin attachment domain-containing protein
>CS-badc_genome edited-CAMSA		Camelina sativa	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	BADC is a negative regulator of an essential enzyme (ACCase) in fatty acid biosynthesis. Introduced mutations of badc have the effect of allowing more oil biosynthesis to occur. Keereetaweep, J. et al. (2018). Plant Physiol., 177(1), 208-215; doi: 10.1104/pp.18.00216	Biotin Attachment Domain-Containing (BADC) protein is a negative regulator of the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase). Salie, M. et al. (2016). Plant Cell, 28(9), 2312-2325; doi: 10.1105/tpc.16.00317
>CS-bleomycin binding protein
>CS-ble-ECOLX		Escherichia coli		confers resistance to bleomycin	bleomycin binding protein gene from Tn5 transposon
>CS-bromoxynil-specific nitrilase
>CS-bxn-KLEPO	oxy	Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. Ozaenae	Herbicide tolerance > Bromoxynil tolerance	converts the herbicide bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4 hydroxybenzo-nitrile) to a degraded non-herbicidal product; expression in transgenic plants leads to an increased tolerance to bromoxynil herbicides. Stalker et al. (1988) J Biol Chem 263(13):6310-6314	bromoxynil-specific nitrilase (bxn) gene. Stalker et al. (1988) J Biol Chem 263(13):6310-6314	14976
>CS-C2H2 transcription factor
>CS-ehd2_genome edited-SETVI	ID1	Setaria viridis	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered ripening or flowering	Transcription activator that acts as a flowering master switch. Matsubara, K et al. (2008). Plant Physiol,148(3):1425-35	Setaria vidiris homolog of the Zea mays ID1 gene (early heading date, ehd2). Sevir. 9G247100
>CS-caffeic acid-O-methyltransferase
>CS-comt_genome edited-MEDSA		Medicago sativa	Composition alteration > Reduced lignin	COMT is a small molecule S-adenosyl-L-Met-dependent O-methyltransferase (OMT) that is one of the principal enzymes in the complex network of reactions that take place as part of lignin biosynthesis.	caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene from Medicago sativa. Edwards and Dixon (1991) Arch Biochem Biophys. 287(2):372-379
>CS-caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyltransferase
>CS-CCOMT_RNAi_u-MEDSA		Medicago sativa	Composition alteration > Reduced lignin	part of an RNAi expression system to down regulate endogenous CCOMT. Lower CCOMT protein expression results in reduced synthesis of G lignin subunit that leads to reduced accumulation of total lignin	Fragment of the caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyltransferase gene (CCOMT) . Inoue et al. (1998). Plant Physiol, 117, 761-770	105596
>CS-carotene desaturase
>CS-crtI-PANAN		Pantoea ananatis		catalyses the conversion of 15-cis-phytoene to all-trans-lycopene. Ruiz-Sola and Rodriguez-Concepcion (2012). The Arabidopsis Book 10, e0158	carotene desaturase I. Misawa et al. (1990). JB 172(12), 6704-6712
>CS-CCT domain
>CS-CCT9_genome edited-MAIZE	ZmCCT9	Zea mays	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered ripening or flowering	CCT9 confers LD-dependent flowering repression by negatively regulating the expression of florigen ZCN8. Knockout of CCT9 causes early flowering under long days. Huang C et al. (2018). Proc Natl Acad Sci, 115(2):E334-E341	CCT9 gene from Zea mays, homologue of the rice photoperiod response regulator Ghd7. Hung et al. (2012). PNAS, 109(28):E1913-E1921
>CS-choline dehydrogynase
>CS-betA-ECOLX	CHD	Escherichia coli	Abiotic stress tolerance > Drought or water tolerance	confers drought resistance by catalyzing the conversion of choline to glycine betaine aldehyde (osmoprotectant)	choline dehydrogynase gene. Landfald, B., Strom, AR. (1986) J Bacteriol, 165(3),849-855
>CS-coilin
>CS-COIL_genome edited-SOLTU		Solanum tuberosum	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance > Potato virus Y resistance	is essential for CBs formation and function. CBs are expected to be involved in response to stress factors. Modification, knockout or knockdown of coilin can prevent CB formation and enhance stress tolerance in plants. Love et al. (2017). RNA Biol, 14(6), 779-790; https://doi.org/10.1080/15476286.2016.1243650	Coilin is the main structural protein that controls the formation, composition and activity of subnuclear Cajal bodies (CBs). Makarov V. et al. (2013). PLoS ONE, 8(1), e53571; doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053571
>CS-cold shock protein
>CS-cspB-BACIU	CSP, CspB-L2V, cold shock protein B	Bacillus subtilis	Abiotic stress tolerance > Drought or water tolerance	promotes stress tolerance for or a number of abiotic stresses, including cold, heat, and water deficits in multiple plant species and improved grain yield in maize under water-limited conditions. Castiglioni et al. (2008) Plant Phys 147(2):446-455	cold shock protein B gene. Castiglioni et al. (2008) Plant Phys 147(2):446-455	103065
>CS-CRISPR-associated endonuclease
>CS-cas9-STRPY		Streptococcus pyogenes	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance	Part of a CRISPR/Cas9 system to target and cleave DNA at a specific site.	encodes the endonuclease Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes. Le Rhun et al. (2019) RNA Biol, 16(4):380-389. doi: 10.1080/15476286.2019.1582974
>CS-crystal delta-endotoxin
>CS-cry14Ab1-BACTU	Cryl4Ab-l	Bacillus thuringiensis	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Nematode resistance	confers resistance to plant parasitic nematodes such as soybean cyst nematode (SCN)	Chimeric gene coding for the delta-endotoxin Cry14Ab1
>CS-cry1Ab-BACTU	cry1A(b), cry1Ab	Bacillus thuringiensis	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	confers resistance against lepidoptera species such as the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), the southwestern corn borer (Diatraea grandiosella), pink borer (Sesamia cretica), Spruce Budworm, Tent caterpillar, Gypsy moth, Diamondback moth, Cabbage looper, Tobacco budworm, and Cabbage worm.	codon optimized gene coding for a cry1Ab delta-endotoxin from B. thuringiensis.	14985
>CS-cry1Ab10-BACTK		Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Kurstaki	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	confers resistance against certain lepidopteran insect pests, including the European Corn Borer (ECB) (Ostrinia nubilalis) and pink borers (Sesamia spp).	plant optimized gene coding for the nature identical (full length) cry1Ab gene of B. thuringiensis ssp. Kurstaki HD-1 strain; Fischhoff D et al, (1987). Bio/Technology, 5, 807-813
>CS-cry1Ab10_tr-BACTK		Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Kurstaki	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	confers resistance against certain lepidoptera species.	plant optimized gene coding for a truncated Cry1Ab10 version of Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Kurstaki HD-1 strain; Fischhoff, D. et al, (1987). Bio/Technology, 5, 807-813
>CS-cry1Ab3 BACTK	FLCry1Ab	Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Kurstaki	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	confers resistance against certain lepidoptera species	plant optimized gene coding for the full length cry1Ab3 gene of B. thuringiensis ssp. Kurstaki HD-1 with additional 26 amino acids in the C-terminal portion of the protein (referred to as the ‘Geiser motif’; Geiser, M. et al. (1986). Gene, 48, 109-118
>CS-cry1Ab3_tr-BACTK	cry1Ab	Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Kurstaki	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	confers resistance against certain lepidoptera species.	plant optimized gene coding for a truncated version Cry1Ab3 of B. thuringiensis ssp. Kurstaki HD-1 strain (aa sequence in the core protein showing the insecticidal activity of Cry1Ab protein remains unchanged); Geiser, M. et al. (1986). Gene, 48, 109-118
>CS-cry1Ab5-BACTB		Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Berliner	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	confers resistance against certain lepidoptera species.	plant optimized gene coding for Cry1Ab5 of B. thuringiensis ssp. Berliner 1715; Höfte, H. et al. (1986) Eur. J. Biochem. 161,273-280
>CS-cry1Ab_tr-BACTK		Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Kurstaki	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	codes for a Bt-toxin, which confers resistance to lepidopteran pests.	Coding region of the cry1Ab gene derived from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki, truncated and modified for plant expression. Perlak et al. (1991). PNAS, 88(8):3324-8. Genbank: M60856.1
>CS-cry1Ab10_1Ac -SYNTH		Synthetic	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	confers resistance against certain lepidoptera species. The protein encoded by the cry1Ac portion of this artificial gene is identical to the Cry1Ac crystal protein present in nature with the exception of one amino acid. This amino acid is not present in the active protease-resistant core of the crystal protein, therefore does not affect the specificity of the protein; EFSA scientific opinion EFSA Journal 2011;9(9):237.	plant-optimized chimeric gene constructed by combining the first 1398 nucleotides of the cryIAb gene with nucleotides 1399 to 3534 of the naturally occurring cry1Ac gene.
>CS-cry1Ab_1Ac_tr-SYNTH	cry1Ab(c), cry1Ab/Ac, cry1Ab/c	Synthetic	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	confers resistance against certain lepidoptera species.	plant-optimized chimeric gene coding for a truncated version of B. thuringiensis Cry1A; corresponds to domain I and II of Cry1Ab from Bt ssp. Kurstaki HD1 and domain III of Cry1Ac of Bt ssp. Kurstaki HD73. Tu et al. (1998) Plant Biotechnol. 15, 195-203.	103109
>CS-cry1Ab_2Aj-BACTU		Bacillus thuringiensis	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	codes for a Bt-toxin, which confers resistance to lepidopteran pests.	Chimeric gene coding for the fused protein Cry1Ab/Cry2Aj (130 kDa, 2 functional Bt toxin cores). Consists of truncated Cry1Ab (648 aa), connection peptide and fl Cry2Aj. Liu et al. (2018). J Zhejiang Univ Sci B, 19(8): 610-619
>CS-cry1Ab_vip3H-SYNTH	HJC-1	Synthetic	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	confers resistance to lepidopteran such as the Asiatic rice borer Chilo suppressalis and the stem borer Sesamia inferens	Chimeric gene coding for the fused protein of Cry1Ab/Vip3H
>CS-cry1Ac-BACTU	cry1Ac	Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Kurstaki	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	The trypsin resistant core of the encoded protein is insecticidal to lepidopteran larvae. It acts by selectively binding to specific sites localized on the lining of the midgut of susceptible insect species.	Codon optimized gene or artificial gene incoding for (at least the insect-active portion of) the cry1Ac protein similar to the Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD73. Adang et al. (1985) Gene 36:289-300; Fischhoff and Perlak (1996) U.S. patent 5500365	14986
>CS-cry1Ac1_1Ca3_1Ab-SYNTH	cry1Ac, cry1Ac (synpro)	Synthetic	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	confers resistance against lepidopteran pests.	plant-optimized gene coding for a full-length chimeric version of Cry1Ac1, originally from Bt ssp. Kurstaki HD73 (toxin core from Cry1Ac1; and C-terminal sequences from Cry1Ca3 from Bt. ssp Aizawai PS81I and Cry1Ab1 from Bt. ssp. Berliner 1715).
>CS-cry1A_105-SYNTH	cry1A.105	Synthetic	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	codes for a 1177 amino acid enzyme which confers an high level of activity against target lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining.	plant-optimized chimeric gene coding for the domains I and II from cry1Ab or cry1Ac and the domain III from cry1F (large portion) and cry1Ac. The sequences are derived from B. thuringiensis ssp. Aizawai (cry 1A) and B. thuringiensis ssp. Kurstaki (cry1F).	43771
>CS-cry1A_88-BACTK	cry1A.88	Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Kurstaki	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	codes for a 1182 amino acid enzyme which confers resistance to certain lepidopteran pests. US patent 20150361446.	functionally optimized cry1A.88 gene based on genes derived from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. US patent 20150361446
>CS-cry1Be2_1Ca_1Ab3-SYNTH	cry1B.868	Synthetic	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	improved toxicity toward Fall Armyworm; confers resistance against certain lepidoptera species including Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), Corn Earworm (Helicoverpa zea), Southwestern Com Borer (Diatraea grandiosella), Surgarcane Borer (Diatraea saccharalis), and Lesser Cornstalk Borer (Elasmopalpus lignosellus). Wang et al. (2019) Appl Envrion Microbiol doi:10.1128/AEM.00579-19	chimeric gene coding for the domains I and II of Cry1Be2, domain III of Cry1Ca, and the protoxin domain of Cry1Ab3. Wang et al. (2019) Appl Envrion Microbiol doi:10.1128/AEM.00579-19
>CS-cry1B_34-BACTU	cry1B.34	Bacillus thuringiensis	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	Confers resistance against certain Lepidoptera species.	Gene encoding the full length cry1B.34 protein from Bacillus thuringiensis. Bowen et al. (2021). Patent US20220192200 A1
>CS-cry1C-BACTU		Bacillus thuringiensis		The Cry1C toxin is effective against a variety of lepidopteran pests, including rice stemborers. It does not share a common binding site with Cry1A toxins. Alcantara et al. (2004), Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin binding to brush border membrane vesicles of rice stem borers. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 55	plant-optimized gene incoding for the cry1C protein from Bacillus thuringiensis.
>CS-Cry1Da1_CryAb3-SYNTH	cry1Da_7	Synthetic	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	improved toxicity toward corn earworms (Helicoverpa zea); confers resistance against certain lepidoptera species including Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), Corn Earworm (Helicoverpa zea), Southwestern Com Borer (Diatraea grandiosella), Surgarcane Borer (Diatraea saccharalis), and Lesser Cornstalk Borer (Elasmopalpus lignosellus). Wang et al. (2019) Appl Envrion Microbiol doi:10.1128/AEM.00579-19	chimeric gene coding for the Cry1Da1 core toxin domain with three aa substitutions in the active core (S282V, Y316S, I368P) and the Cry1Ab3 protoxin domain for improved efficacy. Wang et al. (2019). AEM, 85 e00579-19, doi:10.1128/AEM.00579-19
>CS-cry1Da2-BACTU		Bacillus thuringiensis	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	Confers resistance against certain Lepidoptera species.	Gene encoding the cry1Da2 protein from Bacillus thuringiensis. Tan et al. (2015). Patent US9890390B2
>CS-cry1Fa2_1Ca3_1Ab1-SYNTH	cry1Fv3	Synthetic	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining.	plant-optimized gene coding for a full length chimeric version of Cry1F originally from Bt. ssp. Aizawai (toxin core from Cry1Fa2, very small portion of Cry1Ca3 and C-terminal sequence from Cry1Ab1); Cardineau et al., 2001; Gao et al., 2006.
>CS-cry1F_tr-BACTA	cry1F	Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Aizawai	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	confers resistance against lepidopteran pests, including European corn borer (ECB) and Fall armyworm (FAW).	plant-optimized gene coding for a truncated version of the cry1F gene from Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Aizawai	14987
>CS-cry1Ie-BACTU		Bacillus thuringiensis	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	The expression of the cry1Ieresults in a high tolerance to both wild-type Lepidoptera and Cry1Ac-resistant insects. Zhang et al. (2013). PCTOC 115, 151-158	Cry1Ie is an insecticial protein encoded by a cry1I-Type gene from Bacillus thuringiensis. Song F et al. (2003). Appl Environ Microbiol, 69(9):5207-5211
>CS-cry2A-BACTU	cry2A*	Bacillus thuringiensis	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	confers resistance against toxic several of the main lepidopteran pests such as yellow stem borer, striped stem borer, and two species of rice leaf folder (Marasmiapatnalis and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis).	plant optimized gene coding for Cry2A of B. thuringiensis; shares 69,45% nucleotide sequence homology with the original cry2Aa gene.
>CS-cry2Ab-BACTU	cryB2, cryIIA(b)	Bacillus thuringiensis	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	encodes a Bt-toxin, which confers resistance to several lepidopteran pests (e.g. of cotton, soybean or maize). Widner WR, Whiteley HR. (1989). J Bacteriol, 171:965-74. doi: 10.1128/jb.171.2.965-974.1989	Gene encoding for the cry2Ab protein from Bacillus thuringiensis.
>CS-cry2Ab2-BACTK	Cry2A(b), CryB2, CryIIAb, CryIIB, cry2Ab2	Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Kurstaki	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining.	plant-optimized gene coding for the cry2Ab2 protein; the sequence of the protein produced (length: 637 AA) is identical to that of the wild-type Bt protein except for one amino-acid. Dankocsik et al. (1990). Mol Microbiol, 4(12),2087-94	14988
>CS-cry2Ae-BACUA	cry2Ae	Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Dakota	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	confers resistance to lepidopteran larvae such as bollworm, tobacco budworm, and fall armyworm	plant-optimized gene coding for the cry2Ae protein.	101895
>CS-cry2A_127-BACTK	cry2A.127	Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Kurstaki	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	codes for a 634 amino acid enzyme which confers resistance to certain lepidopteran pests. US patent 20150361446.	functionally optimized cry2A.127 gene derived from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. US patent 20150361446
>CS-cry34Ab1-BACTU	cry34Ab1	Bacillus thuringiensis	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Coleoptera resistance	confers together with Cry35Ab1resistance to coleopteran insects particularly corn rootworm by selectively damaging their midgut lining.	plant-optimized version of the cry34Ab1 gene encoding the 14 kDa delta-endotoxin from Bacillus thurigiensis nonmotile strain PS149B1; (Ellis et al., 2002; Herman et al., 2002; Moellenbeck et al., 2001)	14994
>CS-cry35Ab1-BACTU	cry35Ab1	Bacillus thuringiensis	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Coleoptera resistance	confers together with Cry34Ab1resistance to coleopteran insects particularly corn rootworm by selectively damaging their midgut lining.	plant-optimized version of the cry35Ab1 gene encoding the non-three domain 44 kDa delta-endotoxin from Bacillus thurigiensis nonmotile strain PS149B1; (Ellis et al., 2002; Herman et al., 2002; Moellenbeck et al., 2001)	14995
>CS-cry3A-BACTT	cry3A	Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Tenebrionis	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Coleoptera resistance	confers protection against a narrow spectrum of Coleopterans, including Colorado potato beetle; shows no activity against other groups of insects such as the lepidopterans or dipterans; Herrnstadt et al. (1986) BioTechnology, 4, 261-265; MacIntosh et al. (1990) J. Invert. Path. 56, 258-266	plant-optimized gene coding for the cry3A protein from the Bt Tenebrionis; Perlak et al (1993). Plant Mol. Biol, 22: 313-321	14989
>CS-cry3Bb1-BACUK	cry3Bb1	Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Kumamotoensis	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Coleoptera resistance	protects against corn rootworm (CRW) larval feeding.	plant-optimized gene coding for the cry3Bb1 protein identical in amino acid sequence to the native protein with the exception of a small number of amino acid changes that were deliberately introduced to enhance insecticidal activity.	14993
>CS-cry51Aa2-BACTU		Bacillus thuringiensis	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance	confers resistance to insects (hemipteran and thysanopteran)	modified cry51Aa2 gene (amino-acid differences relative to Cry51Aa2: F46S, Y54H, S95A, F147S, Q149E, S167R, P219R, R273W, HYS deletion in residue range 196-201); Gowda et al. (2016), Nat Commun 7:12213
>CS-cry9C-BACTO	cry9C	Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Tolworthi	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	protects against lepidoptera.	plant-optimized gene derived from Bt ssp. Tolworthi; codes for a truncated cry9C protein corresponding to the insecticidal toxic fragment (aa from position 44 to 666; change at position 123 from R to K). Application document USDA APHIS petition 97-265-01p	14996
>CS-ecry3_1Ab-SYNTH	eCry3.1Ab	Synthetic	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Coleoptera resistance	confers protection against certain corn rootworm (Diabrotica) species.	fusion between the 5' end (domain I, II, and 15 aa of III) of a modified Cry3A gene (mcry3A) and the 3' end (domain III and variable region 6) of a synthetic Cry1Ab gene; carries a 67-bp oligomer extension at its 5' end upstream of the mcry3A domain.	104789
>CS-mcry3A-SYNTH	mCry3A	Synthetic	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Coleoptera resistance	selectively toxic to coleopterans including Northern, Western and Mexican corn root worm; toxicity has been enhanced by the introduced consensus cathepsin G protease recognition site.	version of the native cry3A gene (maize optimised) modified to incorporate a cathepsin-G serine protease recognition site within the expressed protein; first 47 aa were removed (N-terminal region).	43634
>CS-mpp75Aa1-BRELA	Cry75Aa1	Brevibacillus laterosporus	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Coleoptera resistance	Confers resistance against certain coleoptera species.	Gene encoding the full length Mpp75Aa.1 protein from Brevibacillus laterosporus. Bowen, D. et al. (2020). Appl Environ Mircrobil 87:e02507-20.; doi: 10.1128/AEM.02507-20
>CS-cytochrome
>CS-cytb5-PETHY	difF	Petunia hybrida	Composition alteration	codes for a cytochrome b5 which acts as an electron donor for the Flavinoid 3' 5' hydroxylase enzyme cytochrome P450 (Cyt P450) and is required for full activity of the Cyt P450 enzyme in vivo and the generation of purple/ blue flower colours. De Vetten et al. (1999) PNAS 96(2):778-83	cytochrome b5 gene. De Vetten et al. (1999) PNAS 96(2):778-83	104593
>CS-defensin
>CS-pdf1.2-ARATH		Arabidopsis thaliana	Pest/Disease resistance > Fungus and Oomycete resistance	exhibits antimicrobial activities, particularly against filamentous fungi and therefore contributes to the plants' defence against microbial phytopahtogens. Penninckx (1996). Plant Cell, 8, 2309-2323	Defensin gene pdf1.2. Penninckx et al. (1996). Plant Cell, 8, 2309-2323	108261
>CS-delila
>CS-del-ANTMA		Antirrhinum majus	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered anthocyanin levels	Expression of delila regulates pattern of red anthocyanin pigmentation in Antirrhinum majus plants. Goodrich et al. (1992). Cell 68(5): 955-964. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(92)90038-E	Gene encoding the transcription factor delila from Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon). Goodrich, J. et al. (1992). Cell 68(5): 955-964. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(92)90038-E
>CS-delta desaturase
>CS-delta12D-LACKL	delta-12 desaturase, delta-12 fatty acid desaturase	Lachancea kluyveri	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	catalyses the conversion between various types of fatty acids by introduction of a double bond at delta12 position. Petrie et al. (2012). PLOS ONE, 7 (11), e49165; Watanabe et al. (2004). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 68, 721-727	delta12 desaturase gene
>CS-delta12D-PHYSP	D12D(Ps), delta-12 desaturase	Phytophthora sojae	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	catalyzes the conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid	delta12 desaturase gene; Cirpus, P. and Bauer, J. (2006). Patent WO2006100241 A2, WIPO
>CS-delta12D_RNAi_as-CARTI	fad2.2	Carthamus tinctorius	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition	down regulates the expression of endogenous delta12D	Fragment, in antisense orientation, of the delta12 desaturase gene (delta12D) which encodes a protein that introduces a double bond at the delta12 position of an oleic acid on phosphatidylcholine and converts it to linoleic acid.	112726
>CS-delta12D_RNAi_s-CARTI	fad2.2	Carthamus tinctorius	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition	down regulates the expression of endogenous delta12D	Fragment of the delta12 desaturase gene (delta12D) which encodes a protein that introduces a double bond at the delta12 position of an oleic acid on phosphatidylcholine and converts it to linoleic acid.	112726
>CS-delta4D-DIALT	D4D(Pl), delta-4 desaturase, delta-4 fatty acid desaturase	Diacronema lutheri	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	catalyses the conversion between various types of fatty acids	delta4 desaturase gene from Diacronema Lutheri (also known as Pavlova lutheri); Tonon, T. et al. (2003). FEBS Letters 553, 440-444
>CS-delta4D-REBSA	delta-4 desaturase, delta-4 fatty acid desaturase	Pavlova salina	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	catalyses the conversion between various types of fatty acids by introduction of a double bond at delta4 position. Zhou et al. (2007). Phytochemistry, 68, 785-796	delta4 desaturase gene from Pavlova salina (also known as Rebecca salina)
>CS-delta4D-THRSP	D4D(Tc), delta-4 desaturase, delta-4 fatty acid desaturase	Thraustochytrium sp.	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	catalyses the conversion between various types of fatty acids	delta4 desaturase gene; Qiu, X. et al. (2001). Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 31561-31566
>CS-delta5D-REBSA	delta-5 desaturase, delta-5 fatty acid desaturase	Pavlova salina	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	catalyses the conversion between various types of fatty acids by introduction of a double bond at delta5 position. Zhou et al. (2007). Phytochemistry 68, 785-796	delta5 desaturase gene from Pavlova salina (also known as Rebecca salina)
>CS-delta5D-THRSP	D5D(Tc), delta-5 desaturase, delta-5 fatty acid desaturase	Thraustochytrium sp.	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	catalyses the conversion between various types of fatty acids	delta5 desaturase gene; Qiu, X. et al. (2001). Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 31561-31566
>CS-delta6D-MICPC	D6D, delta-6 desaturase, delta-6 fatty acid desaturase	Micromonas pusilla	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	catalyses the conversion between various types of fatty acids by introduction of a double bond at delta6 position. Petrie et al. (2010). Metabolic Engineering, 12, 233-240	delta6 desaturase gene
>CS-delta6D-OSTTA	D6D(Ot), delta-6 desaturase, delta-6 fatty acid desaturase	Ostreococcus tauri	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	catalyses the conversion between various types of fatty acids	delta6 desaturase gene; Domergue, F. (2005). Biochemical Journal 389, 483-490
>CS-delta6D-PRIJU	Pj.D6D, delta-6 desaturase, delta-6 fatty acid dehydrogenase	Primula juliae	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	desaturates certain endogenous fatty acids; by co-expression with CS-fad3-NEUCS (delta 15 desaturase gene) the seeds contain an increased amount of the omega-3 fatty acid stearidonic acid and a lower level of linoleic acid in the seeds. EFSA (2014) Scientific Opinion on MON87769. EFSA Journal 12(5):3644	delta 6 desaturase gene. EFSA (2014) Scientific Opinion on MON87769. EFSA Journal 12(5):3644	104623
>CS-fad2_1_RNAi_as-SOYBN	delta-12 fatty acid dehydrogenase, fad2-1	Glycine max	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	downregulates the expression of endogenous delta-12 desaturase	Fragment from intron 1 of the delta-12 desaturase (fad2-1) gene in antisense orientation. Fillatti et al.(2003). International Patent WO 2003/080802 A3	100267
>CS-fad2_1_RNAi_s-SOYBN	delta-12 fatty acid dehydrogenase, fad2-1	Glycine max	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	downregulates the expression of endogenous delta-12 desaturase	Fragment from intron 1 of the delta-12 desaturase (fad2-1) gene in sense orientation. Fillatti et al.(2003). International Patent WO 2003/080802 A3	100267
>CS-fad3-NEUCS	Nc.Fad3, delta-15 desaturase, delta-15 fatty acid dehydrogenase	Neurospora crassa	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	desaturates certain endogenous fatty acids; expression in transgenic soybean results in the conversion of linoleic acid to alpha-linolenic acid in the seeds. EFSA (2014) Scientific Opinion on MON87769. EFSA Journal 12(5):3644	delta 15 desaturase gene (fad3). EFSA (2014) Scientific Opinion on MON87769. EFSA Journal 12(5):3644	104625
>CS-delta elongase
>CS-delta5E-OSTTA	D5E(Ot), delta-5 elongase	Ostreococcus tauri	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	catalyses carbon chain extension of a fatty acid	delta5 elongase gene; Zank, T. et al. (2005). Patent WO2005012316 A2, WIPO
>CS-delta5E-PYRCR	delta-5 elongase	Pyramimonas cordata	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	catalyses carbon chain extension of a fatty acid. Petrie et al. (2010). Marine Biotechnology 12, 430-438	delta5 elongase gene
>CS-delta6E-PYRCR	delta-6 elongase	Pyramimonas cordata	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	catalyses carbon chain extension of a fatty acid. Petrie et al. (2010). Marine Biotechnology 12, 430-438	delta6 elongase gene
>CS-delta6E-THAPS	D6E(Tp), delta-6 elongase	Thalassiosira pseudonana	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	catalyses carbon chain extension of a fatty acid	delta6 elongase gene; Ambrust, E.V. et al. (2004). Science 306, 79-86
>CS-detla6E-PHYPA	D6E(Pp), delta-6 elongase	Physcomitrella patens	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	catalyses carbon chain extension of a fatty acid	delta6 elongase gene; Zank, T.K. et al (2002). Plant Journal 31, 255-268
>CS-delta-cadinene synthase
>CS-dcs_RNAi_u-GOSHI	CAD1, dcn1, dcs1	Gossypium hirsutum	Composition alteration > Reduced gossypol level	Part of an RNAi expression system that induces post-transcriptional silencing of the dcs gene from Gossypium hirsutum	Trigger sequence of the delta-cadinene synthase gene; Sunilkumar et al. 2006, PNAS 103, 18054-18059
>CS-diacylglycerol acyltransferase
>CS-dgat1b_genome edited-SOYBN	Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1	Glycine max	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Increased protein content	Mutations of the dgat1b gene resulted to soybeans seeds with increased oil content. Roesler et al. (2016) Plant Physiology 171: 878. doi: 10.1104/pp.16.00315.	dgat1b gene encodes the type 1 diacylglycerol acyltransferases, which plays a key role in plant triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Chen et al. (2016) . Sci Rep.6:28541. doi: 10.1038/srep28541.
>CS-dgat2A-UMBRA	O-acyltransferase, Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, CS-MrDGAT2A.nno	Umbelopsis ramanniana	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	is responsible for transferring an acyl group from acyl-CoA to 1,2-diacylglycerol to form the storage lipid triacylglycerol. In transgenic soybean its expression leads to an increased oil content in the seeds. Lardizabel et al. (2008). Plant Phys, 148, 89-96	Diacylglycerol acyltransferase gene. Lardizabal et al. (2001). J Biol Chem 276, 38862-38869
>CS-dicamba monooxygenase
>CS-dmo-STEMA	dicamba O-demethylase, dicamba mono-oxygenase	Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	Herbicide tolerance > Dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid) tolerance	catalyses the degradation of the broadleaf herbicide dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) to non-toxic 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid in plants, thus conferring herbicide tolerance. Wang et al. (2016). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 81, 171-182	dicamba monooxygenase gene. Wang et al. (1997). Appl Environ Microbiol, 63, 1623-1626	100728
>CS-dihydrodipicolinate synthase
>CS-dhdps-CORGT	L-2,3-dihydrodipicolinate synthetase, 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase, cordapA, dapA	Corynebacterium glutamicum	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered amino acid composition	codes for a lysine-insensitive dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) enzyme. DHDPS catalyzes the first enzymatic step in the lysine biosynthetic pathway and is feedback inhibited by L-lysine. Since this C. glutamicum DHDPS is insensitive to lysine inhibition, its expression in plants increases lysine production. Shaul and Galili (1992). The Plant Journal, 2, 203-209	Dihydrodipicolinate synthase gene; Bonnassie et al. (1990). Nucleic Acids Res 18, 6421	14978
>CS-dihydroflavonol 4-reductase
>CS-dfr-MAIZE	A1, Cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase, Dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase, Dihydroquercetin reductase, Flavanone 4-reductase, NADPH-dihydromyricetin reductase	Zea mays	Composition alteration > Colour modification	involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway which is part of anthocyan pigment biosynthesis; catalyses the reduction of dihydroflavonols to unstable pro-anthocyanidins; the maize DFR, in particular, is able to convert dihydrokaempferol and dihydroquercetin into leuco-anthocyanidins. Expression in petunia leads to orange flower colour. Meyer et al. (1987). Nature, 330, 677-678; Bashandy and Teeri (2017). Planta, 246, 277-280	Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (A1) gene. Schwarz-Sommer et al. (1987). EMBO J, 6, 287-294	111603
>CS-dfr-PETHY	Dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase	Petunia hybrida	Composition alteration > Colour modification	catalyzes the production of the blue-coloured anthocyanin pigment delphinidin and its derivatives. Leads to blue to purple flower colouration if co-expressed with a f3'5'h gene in transgenic carnation. EFSA (2006). The EFSA Journal, 362, 1-19	Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase gene. Beld et al. (1989). Plant Mol Biol, 13, 491-502	15009
>CS-dfr_RNAi_as-DIACA	Cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase, Dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase, Dihydroquercetin reductase, Flavanone 4-reductase, NADPH-dihydromyricetin reductase	Dianthus caryophyllus	Composition alteration > Colour modification > Altered caroteinoid biosynthesis	part of an RNAi expression system that induces post-transcriptional silencing of the dfr gene of Dianthus caryophyllus (GenBank: Z67983.1)	Fragment of the dihydroflavonol-4-reductase gene which encodes a dihydroflavonol reductase involved in the biosynthesis pathway of the pink/ red-coloured anthocyandin 3-O-(6-O-malylglucoside) pigment in carnations (GenBank: Z67983.1)	104594
>CS-dfr_RNAi_s-DIACA	Cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase, Dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase, Dihydroquercetin reductase, Flavanone 4-reductase, NADPH-dihydromyricetin reductase	Dianthus caryophyllus	Composition alteration > Colour modification > Altered caroteinoid biosynthesis	part of an RNAi expression system that induces post-transcriptional silencing of the dfr gene of Dianthus caryophyllus (GenBank: Z67983.1)	Fragment of the dihydroflavonol-4-reductase gene which encodes a dihydroflavonol reductase involved in the biosynthesis pathway of the pink/ red-coloured anthocyandin 3-O-(6-O-malylglucoside) pigment in carnations (GenBank: Z67983.1)	104594
>CS-DNA adenine methylase
>CS-dam-ECOLX	DNA adenine methyltransferase	Escherichia coli	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Male sterility	disrupts normal cell function including the ability to produce anthers and pollen if expressed in the anther cells of maize. Plants containing dam are utilized as the female parent for hybrid seed production as they are unable to produce pollen. FDA (1998). Biotechnology Consultation Note to the File BNF No. 000036	DNA adenine methylase gene. Andrew and Albertsen (2002). Patent US 6399856 B1	15008
>CS-DsRed2 fluorescent protein
>CS-DsRed2-SYNTH	Ds Red (Alt1)	Synthetic	Selection markers and reporter genes > DsRed2 activity	leads to a pinkish colouratoin of the aleurone layer of maize seeds, used as a visual marker for the automated separation of transgenic and non-transgenic seeds. USDA-APHIS (2011). Environmental Assessment DP-32138-1	Variant with one alteration (Alt1) of Clontech's DsRed protein, isolated from a marine coral, Discosoma sp., with unchanged amino acid sequence	101476
>CS-endogenous Banana streak virus
>CS-eBSV_genome edited-MUSBA		Musa balbisiana	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance > endogenous Banana streak virus resistance	The endogenous Banana streak virus (eBSV) activates into infectious viral particles under stress and the plant develops disease symptoms. CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-editing technology was applied to inactivate the eBSV in the B genome (derived from Musa balbisiana) of plantain (AAB genome). Tripathi et al. (2019). Commun Biol 2, 46. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0288-7	Endogene Banana streak virus sequence (eBSV), a plant pathogenic badnavirus of the family Caulimoviridae that affects production of banana (Musa spp.). Gayral et al. (2010). J Virol, 84(14), 7346-7359. doi:10.1128/JVI.00401-10
>CS-ergot alkaloid synthesis gene cluster
>CS-eas1/eas2_genome edited-EPICN		Epichloe coenophiala	Composition alteration	Deletion of the ergot alkaloid synthesis (EAS) gene cluster is resulting in the inability to produce ergot alkaloids. Florea S, Jaromczyk J, Schardl CL (2021). Toxins (Basel). 13(2):153. doi: 10.3390/toxins13020153.	Encodes homologous cluster of eas1 and eas2 genes required for production of ergot alkaloids in Epichloë coenophiala. Florea S, Jaromczyk J, Schardl CL (2021). Toxins (Basel). 13(2):153. doi: 10.3390/toxins13020153.
>CS-ethylene response factor
>CS-nud_genome edited-HORVU		Hordeum vulgare	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Naked (hull-less) caryopsis	controls the covered phenotype and hull adhesion in barley. Taketa et al. (2008). PNAS, 105(10): 4062-4067. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0711034105.	nud is an ethylene response factor (ERF) family transcription factor gene.
>CS-ethylene-forming enzyme
>CS-ACO_RNAi_as-SOLLC	ACC oxidase, anti-efe gene	Solanum lycopersicum	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered ripening or flowering > Reduced ethylene synthesis	silences the ACO gene that encodes an ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE); Satbir Singh Gosal, Shabir Hussain Wani (2018). Biotechnologies of Crop Improvement, Vol 2 , 294	Antisense RNA of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO) gene
>CS-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E
>CS-ncbp-1_genome edited-MANES	eIF4E	Manihot esculenta	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance > Cassava brown streak virus resistance	Mutations in genes encoding eIF4E respectively nCBP have been identified as a source of recessive resistance towards plant viruses. Keima et al. (2017) Sci Rep. 7:39678. doi: 10.1038/srep39678.	gene encoding the novel cap-binding protein 1 (nCBP-1), an isoform of the eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIF4E). Schmitt-Keichinger (2019) Front Microbiol. 10:17. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00017. eCollection 2019.
>CS-ncbp-2_genome edited-MANES	eIF4E	Manihot esculenta	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance > Cassava brown streak virus resistance	Mutations in genes encoding nCBP have been identified as a source of recessive resistance towards plant viruses. Keima et al. (2017) Sci Rep. 7:39678. doi: 10.1038/srep39678.	gene encoding the novel cap-binding protein 2 (nCBP-2), an isoform of the eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIF4E) . Schmitt-Keichinger (2019) Front Microbiol. 10:17. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00017.
>CS-fatty acid desaturase
>CS-fad2-1A_genome edited-SOYBN			Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	catalyzes the conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid. The gene's knock-out leads to an increased level in oleic acid.	Fatty acid desaturase 2-1A. Haun et al. (2014) Plant Biotech J. 12:937-940; Lakhssassi et al. (2017) Front Plant Sci. 8:324. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00324
>CS-fad2-1B_genome edited-SOYBN			Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	catalyzes the conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid. The gene's knock-out leads to an increased level in oleic acid.	Fatty acid desaturase 2-1B. Haun et al. (2014) Plant Biotech J. 12:937-940; Lakhssassi et al. (2017) Front Plant Sci. 8:324. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00324
>CS-fad3A_genome edited-SOYBN			Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	catalyzes the conversion of linoleic acid to linolenic acid. The gene's knock-out leads to a decreased level in linolenic acid.	Fatty acid desaturase 3A. Demorest et al. (2016) BMC Plant Biology 16:225
>CS-fad3B_genome edited-SOYBN			Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	catalyzes the conversion of linoleic acid to linolenic acid. The gene's knock-out leads to a decreased level in linolenic acid.	Fatty acid desaturase 3B. Demorest et al. (2016) BMC Plant Biology 16:225
>CS-fatty acid elongase
>CS-FAE1_genome edited-THLAR	3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase	Thlaspi arvense	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	the gene's knockout abolishes erucic acid production creating an edible seed oil comparable to that of canola.	fatty acid elongase 1. McGinn, M. et al. (2018) Plant Biotechnol. J., pp. 1-13
>CS-flavonoid 3', 5' hydroxylase
>CS-F3_5_H-CAMME	CYP, Cytochrome P450, F3'5'H	Campanula medium	Composition alteration > Colour modification	involved in the biosynthesis of the blue-coloured anthocyanin pigment delphinidin and its derivatives; leads to blue/purple flower colour of transgenic plants Tanaka et al. (2009). Int J Mol Sci, 10(12), 5350-5369 doi: 10.3390/ijms10125350	Flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) gene from Campanula medium encoding for a key enzyme in the synthesis of 3',5'-hydroxylated anthocyanins. Tanaka and Brugliera (2013). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 368(1612):20120432 doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0432	109829
>CS-F3_5_H-COMCM	F3'5'H	Commelina communis	Composition alteration > Colour modification	involved in the biosynthesis of the blue-coloured anthocyanin pigment delphinidin and its derivatives; leads to blue/purple flower colour of transgenic plants	Flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) gene from Commelina communis; is a cytochrome P450 type mono-oxygenase. Holton TA et al. (1993). Nature , 366, 276-9
>CS-F3_5_H-PETHY	F3'5H	Petunia hybrida	Composition alteration > Colour modification	involved in the biosynthesis of the blue-coloured anthocyanin pigment delphinidin and its derivatives; leads to blue/purple flower colour of transgenic plants. Tanaka et al. (2009). Int J Mol Sci, 10(12), 5350-5369 doi: 10.3390/ijms10125350	Flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) gene from Petunia hybrida; is a cytochrome P450 type mono-oxygenase. Tanaka and Brugliera (2013). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 368(1612):20120432 doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0432. Patent WO2004020637A9	15010
>CS-F3_5_H-SALSN	F3'5H	Salvia splendens	Composition alteration > Colour modification	involved in the biosynthesis of the blue-coloured anthocyanin pigment delphinidin and its derivatives; leads to blue/purple flower colour of transgenic plants. Tanaka et al. (2009). Int J Mol Sci, 10(12), 5350-5369 doi: 10.3390/ijms10125350	Flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) gene from Salvia splendens; is a cytochrome P450 type mono-oxygenase. Tanaka and Brugliera (2013). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 368(1612):20120432 doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0432. Patent WO2004020637A9	104303
>CS-F3_5_H-VIOLA	F3'5H	Viola sp.	Composition alteration > Colour modification	involved in the biosynthesis of the blue-coloured anthocyanin pigment delphinidin and its derivatives; leads to blue/purple flower colour of transgenic plants. Tanaka et al. (2009). Int J Mol Sci, 10(12), 5350-5369 doi: 10.3390/ijms10125350	Flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) gene from Viola sp.; is a cytochrome P450 type mono-oxygenase. Tanaka and Brugliera (2013). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 368(1612):20120432 doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0432. Patent WO2004020637A9	43793
>CS-gibberellin 20 oxidase
>CS-ga20ox_SUP 3' precursor miR1425_RNAi-ORYSA		Oryza sativa	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered shoot architecture	part of a transcript which leads to silencing of GA20ox3 and GA20ox5 genes.	Fragment of the microRNA miR1425 from rice, serving as a part of a primary micro RNA backbone. Lacombe et al. (2008). BMC Plant Biol., 8:123. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-8-123
>CS-ga20ox_SUP 5' precursor miR1425_RNAi-ORYSA		Oryza sativa	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered shoot architecture	part of a transcript which leads to silencing of GA20ox3 and GA20ox5 genes.	Fragment of the microRNA miR1425 from rice, serving as a part of a primary micro RNA backbone. Lacombe et al. (2008). BMC Plant Biol., 8:123. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-8-12
>CS-ga20ox_SUP miRNA_RNAi_as-MAIZE		Zea mays	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered shoot architecture	part of a transcript which leads to silencing of GA20ox3 and GA20ox5 genes.	21 base pair miRNA sequence derived from the GA20ox3 and GA20ox5 gene coding seqences, with full complementary to the GA20ox3 sequence and 1 bp mismatch to GA20ox5. Paciorek et al. (2022). Plant Biotech J., 20:1140-1153 doi: 10.1111/pbi.13797
>CS-ga20ox_SUP miRNA_RNAi_s-MAIZE		Zea mays	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered shoot architecture	part of a transcript which leads to silencing of GA20ox3 and GA20ox5 genes.	21 base pair miRNA star sequence derived from the GA20ox3 and GA20ox5 gene coding seqences, with full complementary to the GA20ox3 sequence and 1 bp mismatch to GA20ox5. Paciorek et al. (2022). Plant Biotech J., 20:1140–1153 doi: 10.1111/pbi.13797
>CS-ga20ox_SUP precursor miR1425_RNAi-ORYSA		Oryza sativa	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered shoot architecture	part of a transcript which leads to silencing of GA20ox3 and GA20ox5 genes.	Fragment of the microRNA miR1425 from rice, serving as a part of a primary micro RNA backbone. Lacombe et al. (2008). BMC Plant Biol., 8:123. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-8-123
>CS-glucan water dikinase
>CS-gwd_genome edited-MAIZE		Zea mays	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered starch content	GWD catalyzes the phosphorylation of starch polymers in the first step of the pathway of starch degradation at night. GWD knockout plants accumulate higher starch contents; Skeffington, AW. et al. (2014). Plant Physiology, 165 (2) 866-879	glucan, water dikinase (GWD).
>CS-glutamate decarboxylase
>CS-gad3_genome edited-SOLLC	SlGAD3, glutamic acid decarboxylase 3	Solanum lycopersicum	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Increased gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) content	GAD enzymes have a C-terminal autoinhibitory domain that regulates their enzymatic function. Deleting this domain increases GAD activity which leads to increased GABA production in the tomato fruit. Nonaka et al. (2017), Sci Rep. 7:7057; doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06400-y	encodes glutamate decarboxylase 3 (GAD3), a key enzyme in GABA biosynthesis. Akihiro et al. (2008), Plant Cell Physiol. 49, 1378-1389. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcn113
>CS-glyphosate oxidoreductase
>CS-gox-OCHAN	goxv247	Ochrobactrum anthropi	Herbicide tolerance > Glyphosate tolerance	confers tolerance to glyphosate herbicides by degrading glyphosate into two non-toxic compounds, aminomethylphosphonic acid and glyoxylate. Variant 247 (GOXvar247) of the original gox gene has an enhanced efficiency of glyphosate degradation. EFSA (2004). The EFSA Journal, 29,1-19	Glyphosate oxidoreductase gene. Berry et al. (1995). US Patent 5.463.175	14998
>CS-glyphosate-N-acteyltransferase
>CS-gat-BACLI	gat4601, gat4621	Bacillus licheniformis	Herbicide tolerance > Glyphosate tolerance	detoxifies the herbicide glyphosate by N-acetylation, conferring increased glyphosate tolerance. The very similar variants gat4621 and gat4601 were developed using a DNA shuffling technique using the GAT coding sequences from 3 separate strains of B. licheniformis. Castel et al. (2004). Science, 304, 1151-1154	Glyphosate-N-Acteyltransferase gene. Castel et al. (2004). Science, 304, 1151-1154	48363
>CS-granule-bound starch synthase
>CS-gbss_genome edited_SOLTU	GBSSI, Waxy	Solanum tuberosum	Composition alteration > Amylose/amylopectin ratio	Knock-out of GBSS leads to the accumulation of amylopectin in the starch fraction. Andersson et al. (2017) Plant Cell Rep 36:117-128. doi: 10.1007/s00299-016-2062-3	encodes granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) enzyme that is responsible for the synthesis of amylose in the amyloplasts of potato tubers. Kuipers et al. (1994) Plant Cell. 6:43-52. doi: 10.1105/tpc.6.1.43	48072
>CS-gbss_RNAi_as-SOLTU	antisense of granule-bound starch synthase	Solanum tuberosum	Composition alteration > Amylose/amylopectin ratio	downregulates the expression of endogenous granule-bound starch synthase gene; reduces the levels of amylose and increases the levels of amylopectin in starch granules. Visser et al. (1991). Mol Gen Genet, 225(2),289-96	Fragment of the granule-bound starch synthase gene (gbss) in antisense orientation	48072
>CS-gbss_RNAi_s-SOLTU		Solanum tuberosum	Composition alteration > Amylose/amylopectin ratio	downregulates the expression of endogenous granule-bound starch synthase gene; reduces the levels of amylose and increases the levels of amylopectin in starch granules. Visser et al. (1991). Mol Gen Genet, 225(2),289-96	Fragment of the granule-bound starch synthase gene (gbss) in sense orientation	48072
>CS-waxy_genome edited-MAIZE	waxy1, wx1	Zea mays	Composition alteration > Amylose/amylopectin ratio	Waxy encodes a granule-bound starch synthase catalyzing production of amylose.	Granule-bound starch synthase 1 gene (waxy1). Hossain et al. (2019) 3 Biotech. 9(1):3
>CS-growth hormone
>CS-GHc2-ONCTS		Oncorhynchus tshawytscha	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Enhanced growth rate or yield	alters metabolic activity leading to increased growth, additional body mass, a longer, leaner morphology, and improved feeding efficiency (i.e., feed conversion ratio). Hew et al. (1989). Fish Physiol Biochem 7, 375-380; Yaskowiak (2006). Transgenic Res 15, 465-480	Growth hormone gene from Chinook salmon. Hew et al. (1989). Fish Physiol Biochem, 7, 375-380	104723
>CS-heme biosynthesis
>CS-hem1-PICPA	ALAS, Delta-ALA synthase	Pichia pastoris	Production of medical, pharmaceutical or nutritional compounds > Amino acid, peptide or protein production > Soy leghemoglobin	Enzyme catalysing the first step of the heme B cofactor biosynthesis. High intracellular concentration of this cofactor is important for active heme-containing globin proteins. Munro et al. (2009) Tetrapyrroles, 160-183. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-78518-9_10.	Gene encoding the heme biosynthesis enzyme aminolevulinic adic (ALA) synthase from Pichia pastoris. Krainer et al. (2015) Microb Cell Fact, 14:4. doi: 10.1186/s12934-014-0187-z
>CS-hem12-PICPA	UROD	Pichia pastoris	Production of medical, pharmaceutical or nutritional compounds > Amino acid, peptide or protein production > Soy leghemoglobin	Enzyme catalysing the fifth step of the heme B cofactor biosynthesis. High intracellular concentration of this cofactor is important for active heme-containing globin proteins. Munro et al. (2009) Tetrapyrroles, 160-183. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-78518-9_10.	Gene encoding the heme biosynthesis enzyme uroporphyrinogen-III (UPG) decarboxylase from Pichia pastoris. Krainer et al. (2015) Microb Cell Fact, 14:4. doi: 10.1186/s12934-014-0187-z
>CS-hem13-PICPA	COPROX	Pichia pastoris	Production of medical, pharmaceutical or nutritional compounds > Amino acid, peptide or protein production > Soy leghemoglobin	Enzyme catalysing the sixth step of the heme B cofactor biosynthesis. High intracellular concentration of this cofactor is important for active heme-containing globin proteins. Munro et al. (2009) Tetrapyrroles, 160-183. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-78518-9_10.	Gene encoding the heme biosynthesis enzyme coproporphyrinogen-III (CPG) oxidase from Pichia pastoris. Krainer et al. (2015) Microb Cell Fact, 14:4. doi: 10.1186/s12934-014-0187-z
>CS-hem14-PICPA	PROTOX	Pichia pastoris	Production of medical, pharmaceutical or nutritional compounds > Amino acid, peptide or protein production > Soy leghemoglobin	Enzyme catalysing the seventh step of the heme B cofactor biosynthesis. High intracellular concentration of this cofactor is important for active heme-containing globin proteins. Munro et al. (2009) Tetrapyrroles, 160-183. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-78518-9_10.	Gene encoding the heme biosynthesis enzyme protoporphyrinogen-IX (PPG) oxidase from Pichia pastoris. Krainer et al. (2015) Microb Cell Fact, 14:4. doi: 10.1186/s12934-014-0187-z
>CS-hem15-PICPA	FC	Pichia pastoris	Production of medical, pharmaceutical or nutritional compounds > Amino acid, peptide or protein production > Soy leghemoglobin	Enzyme catalysing the final step of the heme B cofactor biosynthesis. High intracellular concentration of this cofactor is important for active heme-containing globin proteins. Munro et al. (2009) Tetrapyrroles, 160-183. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-78518-9_10.	Gene encoding the heme biosynthesis enzyme ferrochelatase from Pichia pastoris. Krainer et al. (2015) Microb Cell Fact, 14:4. doi: 10.1186/s12934-014-0187-z
>CS-hem2-PICPA	ALAD, PGBS, porphobilinogen synthase	Pichia pastoris	Production of medical, pharmaceutical or nutritional compounds > Amino acid, peptide or protein production > Soy leghemoglobin	Enzyme catalysing the second step of the heme B cofactor biosynthesis. High intracellular concentration of this cofactor is important for active heme-containing globin proteins. Munro et al. (2009) Tetrapyrroles, 160-183. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-78518-9_10.	Gene encoding the heme biosynthesis enzyme aminolevulinic adic (ALA) dehydratase from Pichia pastoris. Krainer et al. (2015) Microb Cell Fact, 14:4. doi: 10.1186/s12934-014-0187-z
>CS-hem3-PICPA	PGBD, hydroxymethylbilane synthase	Pichia pastoris	Production of medical, pharmaceutical or nutritional compounds > Amino acid, peptide or protein production > Soy leghemoglobin	Enzyme catalysing the third step of the heme B cofactor biosynthesis. High intracellular concentration of this cofactor is important for active heme-containing globin proteins. Munro et al. (2009) Tetrapyrroles, 160-183. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-78518-9_10.	Gene encoding the heme biosynthesis enzyme phorphobilinogen (PBG) deaminase from Pichia pastoris. Krainer et al. (2015) Microb Cell Fact, 14:4. doi: 10.1186/s12934-014-0187-z
>CS-hem4-PICPA	UROS, hydroxymethylbilane hydrolyase	Pichia pastoris	Production of medical, pharmaceutical or nutritional compounds > Amino acid, peptide or protein production > Soy leghemoglobin	Enzyme catalysing the fourth step of the heme B cofactor biosynthesis. High intracellular concentration of this cofactor is important for active heme-containing globin proteins. Munro et al. (2009) Tetrapyrroles, 160-183. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-78518-9_10.	Gene encoding the heme biosynthesis enzyme uroporphyrinogen-III (UPG) synthase from Pichia pastoris. Krainer et al. (2015) Microb Cell Fact, 14:4. doi: 10.1186/s12934-014-0187-z
>CS-homeodomain protein
>CS-wus2_MAIZE	zm-wus2, Wuschel2	Zea mays	Alteration in growth, development or product quality	improves monocot transformation.	Homeobox-transcription factor 122 (Putative homeobox DNA-binding domain superfamily protein) from Zea mays. Mayer KFX et al.(1998).Cell, 95: 805-815; Lowe K et al. (2016). Plant Cell, 28:1998-2015
>CS-homeodomain-leucine zipper
>CS-HB17-ARATH	ATHB-17, ATHB17, Homeobox-leucine zipper protein 17	Arabidopsis thaliana				111521
>CS-HB4-HELAN	HD4, Hahb-4	Helianthus annuus	Abiotic stress tolerance > Drought or water tolerance	is regulated at the transcriptional level by water availability and abscisic acid and participates in the regulation of the expression of genes involved in developmental responses of plants to desiccation. Transgenic plants expressing HD4 are more tolerant to water stress conditions. Dezar CA et al (2005). Transgenic Res, 14, 429-440	Homeodomain-leucine zipper 4 gene; belongs to a plant-specific family of transcription factors. Dezar CA et al. (2005). Transgenic Res, 14, 429-440	112017
>CS-hygromycin B phosphotransferase
>CS-hpt-ECOLX	aph4, aphIV	Escherichia coli	Selection markers and reporter genes > Hygromycin resistance	specifically inactivates the antibiotic hygromycin B by phosphorylation and allows for the selection for hygromycin B resistance. Blochlinger et al. (1984). Mol Cell Biol, 4, 2929-2931	Hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene. Blochlinger et al. (1984). Mol Cell Biol, 4, 2929-2931	14991
>CS-hpt-STRHY	hph	Streptomyces hygroscopicus	Selection markers and reporter genes > Hygromycin resistance	specifically inactivates the antibiotic hygromycin B by phosphorylation and allows for the selection for hygromycin B resistance. van den Elzen PJ (1985). Plant Mol Biol, 5(5), 299-302	hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene. Leboul and Davies (1982). J Antibiot, 35(4), 527-528	100292
>CS-inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase
>CS-ipk1_genome edited-MAIZE	inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase	Zea mays	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Reduced phytate	IPK1 catalyses the final step in phytate biosynthesis in maize seeds. Knockout of ipk1 leads to phytate reduction. Sun, Y. et al. (2007). Plant Physiol, 144: 1278-1291	Inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase (ipk1) gene. Sun, Y. et al. (2007). Plant Physiol, 144: 1278-1291
>CS-insulin precursor
>CS-preINS-SYNTH		Synthetic	Production of medical, pharmaceutical or nutritional compounds > Amino acid, peptide or protein production	suitable for diabetes treatment (oral administration). patent WO 2009133099 A2	synthetic single chain precursor molecule for the human insulin peptide. patent WO 2009133099 A2
>CS-lateral organ boundaries domain
>CS-CS-lob1_genome edited-CITSI	CsLOB1	Citrus sinensis	Pest/Disease resistance > Bacterial resistance > Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) resistance	directly targeted by the Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri virulence effector PthA4. Knocking-out LOB1 improves resistance to citrus canker. Jia et al. (2017). Plant Biotechnol J, 15(7), 817-823.	Lateral Organ Boundaries 1 (LOB1), member of the Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain (LBD) gene family of plant transcription factors, is a disease susceptibility gene for citrus bacterial canker. Hu et al. (2014), https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1313271111.
>CS-leghemoglobin
>CS-lgb2-SOYBN		Glycine max	Production of medical, pharmaceutical or nutritional compounds > Amino acid, peptide or protein production > Soy leghemoglobin	Leghemobglobin is a heme-containing protein responsible for carrying oxygen in the root nodules. It was discovered that LegH can be used to mimick meaty flavour and aroma in meat-like products. Reyes et al. (2020) Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 119:104817. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104817	Gene encoding leghemoglobin C2 from Glycine max, a protein naturally found in the root nodules of leguminous plants. Marcker et al. (1984) EMBO J, 3(8):1691-1695. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02033.x
>CS-leptin receptor
>CS-lepr_genome edited-TAKRU		Takifugu rubripes	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Enhanced growth rate or yield	in a proposed mechanism, binding of the hormone leptin to the leptin receptor in the hypothalamus of the brain activates downstream signalling cascades leading to a decreased food intake in teleost fish. In line with this, knockout of lepr in fish leads to altered control of appetite and an increase in food intake. Blanco et al. (2021) Mol Cell Endocrinol, 526:111209 doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111209 and Del Vecchio et al. (2021) Gen Comp Endocrinol, 1;310:113832 doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113832	Encodes a leptin receptor (LepR) belonging to the glycoprotein 130 (gp 130) receptors. Kurokawa et al. (2008) Gen Comp Endocrinol, 158(1):108-114. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.06.003
>CS-leucine rich repeat
>CS-rpi1-SOLBU	Rpi-blb1, rga2	Solanum bulbocastanum	Pest/Disease resistance > Fungus and Oomycete resistance > Phytophthora resistance	codes for a protein of the NBS-LRR (nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat) type; confers increased resistance to Phytophthora infestans	Phytophthora infestans resistance gene 1. van der Vossen et al. (2003). Plant J, 36, 867-882	41317
>CS-rpi1-SOLVN	Rpi-vnt1.1, resistance to P. inflatum gene	Solanum venturii	Pest/Disease resistance > Fungus and Oomycete resistance	confers increased resistance to Phytophtora infestans caused late blight; activates a signaling cascade that leads to localized plant cell death, thereby restricting the growth and spread of the pathogen to the rest of the plant. Foster et al. (2009). MPMI, 22, 589-600	Phytophthora infestans resistance gene 1. Foster et al. (2009). MPMI, 22, 589-600	102155
>CS-rpi2-SOLBU	Rpi-blb2	Solanum bulbocastanum	Pest/Disease resistance > Fungus and Oomycete resistance > Phytophthora resistance	codes for a protein of the NBS-LRR (nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat) type; confers increased resistance to Phytophthora infestans	Phytophthora infestans resistance gene 2. van der Vossen et al. (2005). Plant J, 44, 208-222	41318
>CS-leucine rich repeat receptor
>CS-er_genome edited-SOLLC		Solanum lycopersicum	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered shoot architecture	in Arabidopsis ERECTA controls internode length, cell proliferation, organ growth and flower development. Knock-out mutants of SlER in tomato results in shortened internodes and shorter flower/fruit stems (pedicels). Kwon et al. (2020), Nat Biotech., 38:182-188. doi: 10.1038/s41587-019-0361-2	ERECTA (ER) encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor.Jismon et al. (2020) Int J Mol Sci., 21(11):4000. doi: 10.3390/ijms21114000
>CS-fea3_genome edited-MAIZE	FASCIATED EAR3, LRR receptor	Zea mays	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Enhanced growth rate or yield	Editing of fea3 gene resulted in mutant allele fea3-2. fea3 mutant alleles (fea3-1 - fea3-4) were shown to enhance yield components in hybrid maize, such as ear length, kernel row number, kernel numbers per ear and ear weight. Je, B.I. et al. (2016). Nature Genetics, 48(7): 785-91.	FASCIATED EAR3 (fea3) gene encodes a leucine-rich-repeat receptor that functions in stem cell control and is expressed in the shoot apical meristem.
>CS-lycopene cyclase
>CS-lycb_RNAi_as-ANACO		Ananas comosus	Composition alteration > Colour modification > Altered caroteinoid biosynthesis	Part of an RNAi expression system to down regulate endogenous lycopene b-cyclase.	619 bp fragment of the lycopene beta-cyclase (lycb) gene in antisense orientation. The lycb gene encodes an enzyme that converts lycopene to gamma-carotene, a metabolic precursor of beta-carotene.
>CS-lycb_RNAi_s-ANACO		Ananas comosus	Composition alteration > Colour modification > Altered caroteinoid biosynthesis	Part of an RNAi expression system to down regulate endogenous lycopene b-cyclase.	619 bp fragment of the lycopene beta-cyclase (lycb) gene in sense orientation. The lycb gene encodes an enzyme that converts lycopene to gamma-carotene, a metabolic precursor of beta-carotene.
>CS-lyce_RNAi_as-ANACO		Ananas comosus	Composition alteration > Colour modification > Altered caroteinoid biosynthesis	Part of an RNAi expression system to down regulate endogenous lycopene e-cyclase.	504 bp fragment of the lycopene epsilon-cyclase gene (lyce) in antisense orientation. The lyce gene encodes an enzyme that converts lycopene to sigma-carotene, a metabolic precursor of alpha-carotene.
>CS-lyce_RNAi_s-ANACO		Ananas comosus	Composition alteration > Colour modification > Altered caroteinoid biosynthesis	Part of an RNAi expression system to down regulate endogenous lycopene e-cyclase.	504 bp fragment of the lycopene epsilon-cyclase gene (lyce) in sense orientation. The lyce gene encodes an enzyme that converts lycopene to sigma-carotene, a metabolic precursor of alpha-carotene.
>CS-lysozyme
>CS-lyz-HUMAN	LZM, Lysozyme C	Homo sapiens	Production of medical, pharmaceutical or nutritional compounds > Amino acid, peptide or protein production > Human lysozyme	Lysozyme is a conserved antimicrobial protein with the ability to hydrolyse bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan. Human lysozyme is present in milk and various other body fluids and tissues such as cartilage, plasma, saliva, tears, in the lung, kidney, and the liver. Ragland and Criss (2017) PLoS Pathog, 13(9):e1006512. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006512	Gene encoding human lysozyme. Irwin et al. (2011) BMC Evol Bio, 11:166. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-166
>CS-MADS-box protein
>CS-MADS-box protein j2_genome edited-SOLLC	EBI, SlMBP21 , Solyc12g038510	Solanum lycopersicum	Alteration in growth, development or product quality	controls meristem maturation and inflorescence architecture. Knockout results in easier fruit abscission (jointless 2 phenotype).	MADS-box j2 transcription factor gene, Liu, D. et al. (2014) Plant J. 77, 284-296
>CS-MADS-box protein m28-MAIZE	zmm28	Zea mays	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Enhanced growth rate or yield	extended expression of the m28 protein results in plants with enhanced grain yield potential.	MADS-box m28 transcription factor gene.
>CS-male fertility protein
>CS-ms44 3' precursor 396h_RNAi-MAIZE		Zea mays	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Fertility restoration	part of a transcript which leads to silencing of dominant male-sterile mutant gene ms44.	3' precursor sequence of the microRNA backbone 396h from Zea mays. Patent WO 2009079548. Patent WO2009079532.
>CS-ms44 5' precursor 396h_RNAi-MAIZE		Zea mays	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Fertility restoration	part of a transcript which leads to silencing of dominant male-sterile mutant gene ms44.	5' precursor sequence of the microRNA backbone 396h from Zea mays. Patent WO 2009079548. Patent WO2009079532.
>CS-ms44 amiRNA sequence_RNAi-MAIZE		Zea mays	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Fertility restoration	part of a transcript which leads to silencing of dominant male-sterile mutant gene ms44.	Artificial microRNA (amiRNA) sequence complementary to the ms44 gene from Zea mays. Patent WO 2009079548. Fox et al. (2017). Plant Biotechnol J, 15, 942-952. doi: 10.1111/pbi.12689
>CS-ms44 precursor 396h_RNAi-MAIZE		Zea mays	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Fertility restoration	part of a transcript which leads to silencing of dominant male-sterile mutant gene ms44.	Precursor sequence of the microRNA backbone 396h. Patent WO 2009079548. Patent WO2009079532.
>CS-ms44 star Sequence_RNAi-MAIZE		Zea mays	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Fertility restoration	part of a transcript which leads to silencing of dominant male-sterile mutant gene ms44.	Artificial star sequence complementary to the ms44 amiRNA sequence except for one mismatched nucleotide. Patent WO 2009079548. Fox et al. (2017). Plant Biotechnol J, 15, 942-952. doi: 10.1111/pbi.12689
>CS-ms45-MAIZE	Male fertility gene	Zea mays	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Fertility restoration	restores fertility to the male-sterile ms45 mutatnt maize by restoring the development of the microspore cell wall that gives rise to pollen. Cigan et al. (2001). Sex Plant Reprod, 14, 135-142	ms45 gene. Cigan et al. (2001). Sex Plant Reprod, 14, 135-142	105053
>CS-mildew resistance locus o
>CS-mlo_genome edited-WHEAT		Triticum aestivum	Pest/Disease resistance > Fungus and Oomycete resistance	Mlo are known to confer durable broad spectrum powdery mildew resistance. Acevedo Garcia (2017). Plant Biotechnol J, 15(3): 367-378	Mlo (Mildew resistance locus o) gene from Triticum aestivum. Wang et al. (2014). Nat Biotechnol, 32(9):947-51
>CS-miraculin
>CS-mir-SYNDU		Synsepalum dulcificum	Production of medical, pharmaceutical or nutritional compounds > Amino acid, peptide or protein production > Miraculin	can change the perception of sourness to sweetness, even for a long period after consumption	miraculin gene; encodes the taste-modifying glycoprotein from miracle fruit. Masuda,Y. et al. (1995). Gene 161 (2), 175-177
>CS-MYB transcription factor
>CS-pap1-ARATH	production of anthocyanin pigment 1	Arabidopsis thaliana		Over-expression of PAP1 (production of anthocyanin pigment 1 protein) in transgenic activates various genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway, leading to accumulation of anthocyanin pigments. This gives flowers the ability to stably express colours. Tohge, T. et al. (2005). Plant J, 42(2), 218-235	Member of the family of MYB domain transcription factors
>CS-myostatin
>CS-mstn_genome edited-PAGMA	growth/differentiation factor 8 (GDF-8)	Pagrus major	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Enhanced growth rate or yield	Myostatin mutants in mammals and fish show an increased skeletal muscle mass, referred to as 'double muscled' phenotype. Aiello et al. (2018) Anim Genet., 49(6):505-519. doi: 10.1111/age.12696	Encodes a negative regulator of muscle growth and development. Myostatin is a secreted growth and differentiation factor that belongs to the TGF-β superfamily. Sharma et al. (2015) IUBMB Life, 67(8):589-600. doi: 10.1002/iub.1392
>CS-myrosinase
>CS-myr_genome edited-BRAJU	GSL-MYR, TGG	Brassica juncea	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered flavour	Enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of glucosinolates (mustard bomb reaction).	Gene from the type-I myrosinase multigene family. Karlson et al. (2022). Plants, 11(19):2494. doi: 10.3390/plants11192494
>CS-neomycin phosphotransferase II
>CS-nptII-ECOLX	aminoglycoside-3-phosphotransferase II, aph(3')-II, aphII	Escherichia coli	Selection markers and reporter genes > Kanamycin/neomycin resistance	confers resistance to neomycin/kanamycin antibiotics. Allows transformed plants to metabolize neomycin and kanamycin during selection. Ziemienowicz (2001). Acta Physiol Plant, 23, 363-374	Neomycin phosphotransferase II gene from the Eschrichia coli Tn5 transposon. Beck et al (1982). Gene, 19, 327-336	15001
>CS-nopaline synthase
>CS-nos-RHIRD	D-nopaline dehydrogenase	Agrobacterium tumefaciens	Selection markers and reporter genes > Nopaline synthesis	directs infected host cells to synthesize opines, such as nopaline. This trait is introduced during plant transformation to permit the identification of transformed plant embryos. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (1998). DD1998-24, Determination of the Safety of CDC Triffid Flax	Nopaline synthase gene present on the T-DNA region of the Ti plasmid of wild-type Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Bevan et al. (1983). Nuc Acis Res, 11(2), 369-385	15171
>CS-omega desaturase
>CS-omega3D-KOMPG	omega-3 desaturase, omega-3 fatty acid desaturase	Pichia pastoris	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	catalyses linoleic acid to synthesize alpha-linolenic acid by introduction of a double bond at the position of three carbons from the methyl end of n-6 PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) to synthesize corresponding n-3 PUFAs. Zhang et al. (2008). Yeast, 25, 21-27	omega3 desaturase gene (Komagataella phaffii)
>CS-omega3D-PHYIT	O3D(Pi), omega-3 desaturase, omega-3 fatty acid desaturase	Phytophthora infestans	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	catalyses linoleic acid to synthesize alpha-linolenic acid by introduction of a double bond at the position of three carbons from the methyl end of n-6 PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) to synthesize corresponding n-3 PUFAs. Zhang et al. (2008). Yeast, 25, 21-27	omega3 desaturase gene; Wu, G. et al. (2005). Nature Biotechnology 23, 1013-1017
>CS-omega3D-PYTIR	O3D(Pir), omega-3 desaturase, omega-3 fatty acid desaturase	Pythium irregulare	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	catalyses linoleic acid to synthesize alpha-linolenic acid by introduction of a double bond at the position of three carbons from the methyl end of n-6 PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) to synthesize corresponding n-3 PUFAs. Zhang et al. (2008). Yeast, 25, 21-27	omega3 desaturase gene; Cheng, B. et al. (2010). Transgenic Research 19, 221-229
>CS-oxalate oxidase
>CS-oxo-WHEAT	aero-oxalo dehydrogenase, germin, germin-like oxidase, oxalic acid oxidase	Triticum aestivum	Pest/Disease resistance > Fungus and Oomycete resistance > Cryphonectria parasitica resistance	increases fungal pathogen resistance in plants through several possible means: the detoxification of oxalate as well as two further mechanisms involving the hydrogen peroxide, a by-product of oxalate degradation. Schweizer et al. (1999). Plant J, 20(5), 541-552 doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1999.00624.x	Oxalate oxidase gene from Triticum aestivum (OXO, EC1.2.3.4). Dratewka-Kos, E. et al. (1989). JBC, 264, 4896-4900
>CS-palmitoyl acyl carrier protein thioesterase
>CS-fatB1_RNAi_as-SOYBN	L-palmitoyl-ACP-thioesterase, L-FatB, L-PATE	Glycine max	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	downregulates the expression of endogenous palmitoyl acyl carrier protein thioesterase	Fragment of the 5' untranslated region and the plastid targeting sequence of the palmitoyl acyl carrier protein thioesterase (FATB1-A) gene, in antisense orientation. Fillatti et al.(2003). International Patent WO 2003/080802 A3	104682
>CS-fatB1_RNAi_s-SOYBN	L-palmitoyl-ACP-thioesterase, L-FatB, L-PATE	Glycine max	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	downregulates the expression of endogenous palmitoyl acyl carrier protein thioesterase	Fragment of the 5' untranslated region and the plastid targeting sequence of the palmitoyl acyl carrier protein thioesterase (FATB1-A) gene, in sense orientation. Fillatti et al.(2003). International Patent WO 2003/080802 A3	104682
>CS-fatB_RNAi_as-CARTI		Carthamus tinctorius	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition	down regulates the expression of endogenous fatB	Fragment in antisense orientation of the Acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase gene (fatB) which encodes a protein involved in chain termination during de novo fatty acid synthesis and in the channeling of carbon flux during plant lipid biosynthesis.	112727
>CS-fatB_RNAi_s-CARTI		Carthamus tinctorius	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition	down regulates the expression of endogenous fatB	Fragment of the Acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase gene (fatB) which encodes a protein involved in chain termination during de novo fatty acid synthesis and in the channeling of carbon flux during plant lipid biosynthesis.	112727
>CS-phosphate transporter
>CS-pt4_genome edited_ORYSA	OsPT4, OsPht1;4	Oryza sativa	Abiotic stress tolerance > Reduced arsenate uptake	Rice roots take up arsenate (As(V)) by inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporters. Mutation of the phosphate transporter PT4 reduces As(V) uptake. Ye et al. (2017) Frontiers in Plant Science 8, 2197;doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.	encodes PT4, a functional inorganic phosphate (Pi) influx transporter involved in Pi absorption in rice; belongs to the Pht1 familly. Ye et al. (2015) PLoS ONE 10(5): e0126186. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126186.
>CS-phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase
>CS-bar-STRHY	bialaphos resistance, pat	Streptomyces hygroscopicus	Herbicide tolerance > Glufosinate tolerance	Acetylates the primary amino group of L-phosphinothricin (L-PPT; a.k.a. glufosinate) rendering it inactive. Wehrmann et al. (1996) Nat Biotechnol. 14:1274-78; ENV/JM/MONO(99) 13:1-26	Phosphinothricin acetyltransferase gene derived from the common soil bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus a.k.a. bar gene shares 85 per cent homology at the amino acid level with the pat gene. Thompson et al. (1987) EMBO J. 6:2519-2523	14972
>CS-pat-STRVR	bialaphos resistance	Streptomyces viridochromogenes	Herbicide tolerance > Glufosinate tolerance	Acetylates the primary amino group of L-phosphinothricin (L-PPT; a.k.a. glufosinate) rendering it inactive. Wehrmann et al. (1996) Nat Biotechnol.14:1274-78; ENV/JM/MONO(99) 13:1-26	Phosphinothricin acetyltransferase gene derived from Streptomyces viridochromogenes a.k.a. pat gene; shares 85 per cent homology at the amino acid level with the bar gene. Wohlleben et al. (1988) Gene 70:25-37	15002
>CS-phosphomannose isomerase
>CS-pmi-ECOLX	Mannose-6-phosphate isomerase, manA	Escherichia coli	Selection markers and reporter genes > Mannose metabolism	catalyzes the reversible interconversion of mannose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate; allows growth on mannose as a carbon source. Reed et al (2001). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant, 37, 127-132	Phosphomannose isomerase. Reed et al (2001). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant, 37, 127-132	15003
>CS-phosphorylase-L
>CS-phl_RNAi_as-SOLTU		Solanum tuberosum				106426
>CS-phl_RNAi_s-SOLTU		Solanum tuberosum				106426
>CS-phytase
>CS-phy02-ECOLX	6-phytase	Escherichia coli	Production of medical, pharmaceutical or nutritional compounds > Amino acid, peptide or protein production > Phytase	optimized to increase the thermotolerance of the encoded PHY02 phytase and its susceptibility to digestion in the gastric environment of monogastric animals.	phy02 is a modified version of the E.coli appA phytase gene (Genbank accession number EFE63517.1).
>CS-phyA-ASPNG	3-phytase	Aspergillus niger	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Reduced phytate	increases the breakdown of plant phytates which bind phosphorus and makes the latter available to monogastric animals; leads to a reduction in the phosphorus content of manure. Gontia et al.(2012). Food Technol Biotechnol, 50, 3-10	Phytase gene. Mullaney et al. (1991). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 35, 611-614; van Hartingsveldt et al. (1993). Gene, 127, 87-94	15378
>CS-phytoene synthase
>CS-psy-CITUN	CitPSY	Citrus unshiu	Composition alteration > Colour modification > Altered caroteinoid biosynthesis	catalyses the conversion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to phytoene, an intermediate in lycopene and carotene biosynthesis	Phytoene synthase gene
>CS-psy-MAIZE	PSY1, Zmpsy1	Zea mays		converts lycopene precursor geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) to 15-cis-phytoene in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. The gene naturally incorporates a coding sequence for an N-terminal signal peptide that ensures targeting of the product to the plastids.	Phytoene synthase gene from Zea mays. Buckner, B .et al (1996). Genetics, 143,479-488.
>CS-polygalacturonase gene
>CS-pg_RNAi_as-SOLLC		Solanum lycopersicum	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered ripening or flowering	Down regulates the expression of endogenous polygalacturonase	Fragment of the polygalacturonase (pg) gene from Lycopersicon esculentum var. Ailsa Craig in antisense orientation. Grierson et al. (1986). Nucleic Acids Res, 14, 8595-8605; Smith et al. (1988). Nature, 334, 724-726	15015
>CS-pg_RNAi_s-SOLLC		Solanum lycopersicum	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered ripening or flowering	Down regulates the expression of endogenous polygalacturonase.	Fragment of the polygalacturonase (pg) gene from Lycopersicon esculentum var. Ailsa Craig in sense orientation. Grierson et al. (1986). Nucleic Acids Res, 14, 8595-8605; Smith et al. (1990). Plant Mol Biol, 14, 369-379	15015
>CS-polyphenol oxidase
>CS-PGAS_RNAi-SYNTH	PPO Suppression Transgene	Synthetic		leads to formation of dsRNA between the suppression transcript and native PPO mRNA. This is subsequently processed into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that direct the cleavage of the target mRNA. The transgene is designed to reduce overall expression of the entire apple PPO gene family, and to induce a reduced browning or nonbrowning phenotype in apple.	Chimeric PPO suppression transgene (PGAS) containing chosen sequences from the PPO gene family (PPO2, GPO3, APO5, pSR7)	106414
>CS-ppo2_genome edited-SOLTU		Solanum tuberosum	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Reduced browning	Major cause of enzymatic browning. Loss-of-function mutations in ppo genes lead to reduced enzymatic browning.	Polyphenol oxidase gene. Chi M, et al. (2014). BMC Plant Biology, 14:62. doi: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-62.
>CS-ppo5_genome edited-SOLTU	pot32	Solanum tuberosum	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Reduced black spot bruising	active in tubers, major cause of enzymatic browning. Loss-of-function mutations in the ppo5 gene result in reduced browning of potato tubers (reduced 'black spot').	Polyphenol oxidase 5 gene. Thygesen et al. (1995) Plant Physiol. 109:525-531
>CS-ppo5_RNAi_as-SOLVR	CS-Ppo5	Solanum verrucosum				106424
>CS-ppo5_RNAi_s-SOLVR	CS-Ppo5	Solanum verrucosum				106424
>CS-ppo_genome edited-AGABB		Agaricus bisporus	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Reduced black spot bruising	major cause of enzymatic browning. Loss-of-function mutations in the ppo gene leads to reduced enzymatic browning.	Polyphenol oxidase gene. Wu et al. (2010) Biotechnol Letters 32(10):1439-1447
>CS-ppo_genome edited-LACSA		Lactuca sativa	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Reduced browning	major cause of enzymatic browning. Loss-of-function mutations in ppo genes lead to reduced enzymatic browning.	Polyphenol oxidase gene. Noda et al. (2017) Biosci Biotechnol Biochem., 81(8):1484-1488. doi: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1336921
>CS-ppo_genome edited-MUSAC		Musa acuminata	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Reduced browning	Major cause of enzymatic browning. Loss-of-function mutations in ppo genes lead to reduced enzymatic browning.	Polyphenol oxidase gene. Qin et al. (2023). Front Plant Sci., 14:1125375. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1125375
>CS-ppo_genome edited-PERAE		Persea americana	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Reduced browning	major cause of enzymatic browning. Loss-of-function mutations in ppo genes lead to reduced enzymatic browning.	Polyphenol oxidase gene. Toledo and Aguirre (2017) Crit Rev Food., 57:18,3860-3872. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1175416
>CS-ppo_genome edited-SOLTU		Solanum tuberosum	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Reduced black spot bruising	major cause of enzymatic browning. Loss-of-function mutations in ppo genes lead to reduced enzymatic browning.	Polyphenol oxidase gene. Thygesen et al. (1995) Plant Physiol., 109:525-531. doi: 10.1104/pp.109.2.525.
>CS-prolactin receptor
>CS-prlr_genome edited_BOVIN		Bos taurus	Abiotic stress tolerance > Cold or heat tolerance	Truncations in the prlr gene result in the distinct phenotype known as 'slick phenotype', where an animal has shorter hair and lower follicle density across its coat than wild type animals leading to increased heat tolerance. Porto-Neto et al. (2018) Front. Genet. 23;9:57 doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00057.	Gene encoding the prolactin receptor of cattle. Genetic variation in this gene improve body temperature regulation. Hansen (2020) Theriogenology, 154:190-202. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.010
>CS-proteinase inhibitor II
>CS-pinII-SOLTU	PI-2	Solanum tuberosum	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Lepidoptera resistance	enhances defense against insect predators by reducing the digestibility and nutritional quality of the leaves. Beekwilder (2000). Eur J Biochem, 267, 975-1984	Proteinase inhibitor II gene. Beekwilder (2000). Eur J Biochem, 267, 975-1984	104338
>CS-quantitative trait locus on seed dormancy
>CS-qsd1_genome edited-WHEAT	AlaAT, TaQsd1	Triticum aestivum	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered seed dormancy	qsd1 regulates seed dormancy levels. Knocking-out qsd1 aims to prevent pre-harvest sprouting of grains on spikes. Abe et al. (2019). Cell Rep, 28 (5), 1362-1369; doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.090	Quantitative trait locus on seed dormancy 1 (qsd1) encodes an alanine aminotransferase. Sato et al. (2016). Nat Commun, 7:11625; doi: 10.1038/ncomms11625
>CS-raffinose synthase
>CS-rs2_genome edited-GLYMA	RAFS2	Glycine max	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered sugars content	Determines raffinose content. Li T. et al (2020). J Biol Chem, 295(23): 8064-8077. doi: 10.1074/jbc. RA120.013948	Gene encoding for the raffinose synthase 2 in Glycine max. Li T. et al (2020). J Biol Chem, 295(23): 8064-8077. doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA120.013948
>CS-receptor for activated c kinase
>CS-rack1_genome edited-GLYMA		Glycine max	Abiotic stress tolerance > Drought or water tolerance	RACK1 acts as negative regulator of gene expression during various stresses such as drought and salt stress. Down-regulation confers resistance to drought. Li D-H. et al (2009). Rice Sci., 16:14-20. doi: 10.1016/S1672-6308(08)60051-7	Gene encoding for the receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) protein in Glycine max. Islas-Flores T. et al (2015). Front Plant Sci, 6:1090. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01090
>CS-regulatory response transcription factor
>CS-RR22_genome edited-ORYSJ	ORR2, OsRR22	Oryza sativa cv. Japonica	Abiotic stress tolerance > Salinity tolerance	The loss of function of RR22 has been reported to significantly increase salinity tolerance of rice plants. Tsai et al. (2012). Plant Physiol, 158(4):1666-84. doi: 10.1104/pp.111.192765	rr22 gene encodes a (696-amino acid B-type) response regulator transcription factor that is involved in both cytokinin signal transduction and metabolism. https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q5SML5
>CS-replicase
>CS-NIb-PRSV	Nl-b, Nuclear inclusion protein B, Rep, Replicase	Papaya ringspot virus	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance > Papaya ringspot virus resistance	confers resistance to Papaya ringspot virus through gene silencing mechanism. Chen et al. (2001). Plant Cell Reports, 20, 272-277	Replicase domain of the Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) Chen et al. (2001). Plant Cell Reports, 20, 272-277
>CS-rep-(ac1)_RNAi_u-BGMV		Bean golden mosaic virus	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance > Bean golden mosaic virus resistance	part of an RNAi expression system that induces post-transcriptional silencing of the AC1 gene of the Bean golden mosaic virus, confers resistance to this virus	Fragment of the AC1 gene that encodes a complex, multifunctional protein (rep) acting as a rolling-circle replication initiation factor. Eagle et al. (1994). Plant Cell, 6,1157-1170. GenBank: M88686.1
>CS-rep-PLRV	ORF1/ORF2 , PLRVrep	Potato leaf roll virus	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance > Potato leaf roll virus resistance	confers resistance to PLRV through gene silencing mechanism if expressed in transgenic plants. Canada Food Inspection Agency (1999). DD2002-38: Determination of the safety of RBMT21-129 and RBMT21-350	Replicase gene of the Potato leafroll virus; comprised of the two overlapping ORF1 and ORF2 sequences of the PLRV genome which together encode a full length PLRV replicase. van der Wilk et al. (1989). FEBS Letters, 245, 51-56	104847
>CS-RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
>CS-RdRp_RNAi_as-BNYVV	CS-RZM	Beet necrotic yellow vein virus	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance > Beet necrotic yellow vein virus resistance	confers resistance to BNYVV by targeting the replicase RNA transcript of the infecting virus via the RNAi mechanism.	Fragment of the RNA-1 gene from Beet necrotic yellow vein virus in antisense orientation. Bouzoubaa et al. (1987). J gen Virol, 68, 615-626	101870
>CS-RdRp_RNAi_s-BNYVV	CS-RZM	Beet necrotic yellow vein virus	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance > Beet necrotic yellow vein virus resistance	confers resistance to BNYVV by targeting the replicase RNA transcript of the infecting virus via the RNAi mechanism.	Fragment of the RNA-1 gene in sense orientation. Bouzoubaa et al. (1987). J gen Virol, 68, 615-626	101870
>CS-rosea
>CS-ros1-ANTMA		Antirrhinum majus	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered anthocyanin levels	Expression of rosea1 regulates pattern of red anthocyanin pigmentation in Antirrhinum majus plants. Schwinn et al. (2006). The Plant Cell 18 (4): 831-851. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.105.039255	Gene encoding the transcription factor rosea1 from Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon). Schwinn, K. et al. (2006). The Plant Cell 18 (4): 831-851. doi: 10.1105/tpc.105.039255
>CS-S-adenosylmethionine hydrolase
>CS-SAMhydrolase-T3	SAMase, S-adenosylmethionine cleaving enzyme, adenosylmethionine lyase, methylmethionine-sulfonium-salt hydrolase, sam-k	Bacteriophage T3	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered ripening or flowering > Reduced ethylene synthesis	causes delayed ripening by reducing the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a substrate for ethylene production. The sam-k gene was modified to contain a 5' consensus eukaryotic translation initiation site, the Kozak sequence. USDA APHIS (1999) Federal Register 64(206):57625	Modified S-adenosylmethionine hydrolase gene. Hughes et al. (1986). Nuc Acid Res, 15, 7117-729	15017
>CS-scavenger receptor cysteine-rich protein
>CS-cd163_genome edited_PIG	M130, hemoglobin scavenger receptor HbSR, p155	Sus scrofa domesticus	Pest/Disease resistance > Animal virus resistance > Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus resistance	CD163 is a fusion receptor for binding and internalization of haemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes as well as binding site for pig respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV). Deletion of the Scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain 5 (SRCR5) which is the interaction site for the PRRSV leads to disease resistance. Burkard et al. (2018) J Virol, 92(16). doi: 10.1128/JVI.00415-18.	encodes scavenger receptor cysteine-rich type 1 protein (CD163), involved in clearance and endocytosis of hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes by macrophages. Van Gorp et al. (2010) Mol Immunol, 47:1650-60. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.02.008.
>CS-seed albumin
>CS-AmA1-AMAPH		Amaranthus hypochondriacus	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered amino acid composition	Amaranth seed albumin is used to increase nutritional values of an organism	Amaranth seed albumin (AmA1); Raina, A. & Datta, A. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 11774-11778
>CS-self-pruning
>CS-sp5g_genome edited-SOLLC		Solanum lycopersicum	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered ripening or flowering	high expression of SELF-PRUNING 5G causes later flowering, while weakened expression in cultivated tomato results in early flowering. Knock-out mutations in SP5G cause rapid flowering and enhance the compact determinate growth habit of field tomatoes, resulting in a quick burst of flower production that translates to an early yield. Soyk et al. (2017) Nat Genet., 49(1):162-168. doi: 10.1038/ng.3733	SELF-PRUNING 5G (SP5G) encodes a flowering repressor of the CET gene family. Soyk et al. (2017) Nat Genet., 49(1):162-168. doi: 10.1038/ng.3733
>CS-sp_genome edited-SOLLC		Solanum lycopersicum	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Altered shoot architecture	SELF-PRUNING encodes a key regulator of growth in tomato. Loss-of-function mutants with determinate growth and simultaneous fruit ripening were key for mechanical harvesting of field-grown processing tomatoes. Pnueli et al. (1998) Dev., 125(11):1979-89.	SELF-PRUNING (SP) is a member of the CETS gene family of regulatory genes that controls plant architecture. Pnueli et al. (2001) Plant Cell, 13(12):2687-2702- doi: 10.1105/tpc.010293
>CS-septate junction protein
>CS-SSJ1 _RNAi_u-DIAVI		Diabrotica virgifera virgifera	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Coleoptera resistance	part of an RNAi expression system to down regulate the targeted septate junction protein1 (SSJ1) in corn rootworm. Results in growth inhibition and mortality of the corn rootworm. Hu X (2019) PLoS One, 14(1):e0210491	Fragment of the smooth septate junction protein 1 gene (SSJ1) designed to match that from D. virgifera (Western corn rootworm).
>CS-stilbene synthase
>CS-sts1-ARAHY	AhSTS1, RS, resveratrol synthase, trihydroxystilbene synthase	Arachis hypogaea	Production of medical, pharmaceutical or nutritional compounds	Produces Resveratrol, which has been clinically shown to possess a number of human health benefits.	resveratrol/stilbene synthase gene So-Hyeon Baek et. al. (2013) PLoS ONE 8(3): e57930. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057930
>CS-tetracycline-controlled transactivator
>CS-tTAV-SYNTH	tetracycline transcriptional activator	Synthetic	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Reproductive alteration	gives very high levels of expression of tTAV in the absence of tetracycline, this high expression is deleterious to cells as it represses normal transcriptional function; when introduced into certain insects, it causes death of the insect unless the antibiotic tetracycline is supplied. Gossen and Bujard (1992). PNAS, 89, 5547-5551; Gong et al. (2005). Nat Biotechnol, 23, 453-456; Oxitec (2016). Draft Environmental Assessment for Investigational Use of Aedes aegypti OX513A	Tetracycline transcriptional activator variant, based on a fusion of sequences from Escherichia coli and Herpes simplex virus (VP16 transcriptional activator); synthetic. Gossen and Bujard (1992). PNAS, 89, 5547-5551	101475
>CS-thioesterase
>CS-te-UMBCA	12:0-ACP thioesterase, FatB1,, UcFatB1, acyl-ACP thioesterase	Umbellularia californica	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered fatty acids and oils	is active in the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway of developing seeds; causes the accumulation of triacylglycerides containing esterified lauric acid and, to a lesser extent, myristic acid. Voelker et al. (1992). Science, 257, 72-74	12:0 ACP thioesterase. Voelker et al. (1992). Science, 257, 72-74	15005
>CS-topoisomerase
>CS-top_tr-PEA		Pisum sativum		In general topoisomerases control the supercoiling of DNA. Here used a a spacer region.	Fragment of a topoisomerase encoding gene from Pisum sativum; a 3 kb partial sequence (not expressed).	115906
>CS-triosephosphate isomerase
>CS-tpi1-SCHPM	pot, tpi	Schizosaccharomyces pombe	Selection markers and reporter genes > Hexose sugars metabolism	glycolytic enzyme involved in the breakdown of sugars; essential for growth on medium containing hexose sugars as sole carbon source	Triosephosphate isomerase. Alber and Kawasaki (1982). J Mol Appl Genet, 1, 419-434
>CS-trypsin inhibitor
>CS-SCK-SYNTH	modified CpTi, modified cowpea trypsin inhibitor	Synthetic	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance	codes for CpTI (cowpea trypsin inhibitor) with artificial modifications (a signal peptide and a KDEL sequence were added, respectively, on both ends of the gene); confers insect resistance. Su et al. (2011) Eur Food Res Technol 232:351-359; Xu et al. (1996) Mol Breeding 2:167-173	Modified trypsin inhibitor gene from Vigna unguiculata, synthetic. Su et al. (2011). Eur Food Res Technol, 232, 351-359; Xu et al. (1996). Mol Breeding, 2, 167-173
>CS-ubiquitin
>CS-ubi-DROME	Ubi	Drosophila melanogaster		acts as a "spacer" in the translated polypeptide and is cleaved out to separate/release the connected protein. Ubiquitin also promotes higher expression of the linked protein, likely through improving protein stability and/or folding.	Ubiquitin is a small regulatory protein found in most tissues of eukaryotes.	115345
>CS-uridine diphosphate-glucose:anthocyanin 3',5'-O-glucosyltransferase
>CS-ua3_5_gt-CLITE	UA3'5'GT	Clitoria ternatea	Composition alteration > Colour modification	involved in the biosynthesis of the blue-coloured anthocyanin pigment delphinidin and its derivatives; leads to blue/purple flower colour of transgenic plants Tanaka et al. (2009). Int J Mol Sci, 10(12), 5350-5369 doi: 10.3390/ijms10125350	Gene encoding for a uridine diphosphate-glucose:anthocyanin 3',5'-O-glucosyltransferase (UA3'5'GT) from Clitoria ternatea. Kogawa et al. (2007). Planta, 226(6):1501-9. doi: 10.1007/s00425-007-0584-1	263133
>CS-vacuolar-sorting protein
>CS-Snf7_RNAi_u-DIAVI	DID1, DOA4-independent degradation protein 1, DvSnf7, RNS4, VPL5, VPS32	Diabrotica virgifera virgifera	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Coleoptera resistance	part of an RNAi expression system to down regulate the targeted DvSnf7 gene leading to WCR (western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) mortality. Baum et al. (2007). Nature Biotechnology, 25,1322-1326	Fragment of the Snf7 gene designed to match that from Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. Babst et al. (2007), Dev Cell 3:271-282	108875
>CS-vegetative insecticidal proteins
>CS-ipd072Aa-PSECL		Pseudomonas chlororaphis	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Coleoptera resistance	confers resistance to certain Coleopteran plant pests. Carlson et al. (2019). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 129:376-381	Insecticidal protein ipd072Aa gene.
>Cs-ipd079Ea_OPHPE		Ophioderma pendulum	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Coleoptera resistance	Confers resistance against western corn rootworm (WCRW) and northern corn rootworm (NCRW).	Encodes insecticidal protein ipd079Ea from the fern Ophioglossum pendulum. Patent WO 2017023486A1.
>CS-vip3A-BACTU		Bacillus thuringiensis				14990
>CS-vip3Aa19-BACTU		Bacillus thuringiensis		codes for a protein has 789 AA protein which confers resistance to several lepidopteran insect pests. Estruch, JJ et al. (1996). PNAS 93 (11) 5389-5394	vegetative insecticidal protein which was modified from the native vip3Aa1 gene to accommodate the preferred codon usage in plant. The Vip3Aa19 protein differs from the original Vip3Aa1 protein by a single amino acid (Lys284 changed to Glu).
>CS-vip3Aa20-BACTU		Bacillus thuringiensis		codes for a protein has 789 AA protein which confers resistance to several lepidopteran insect pests. Lee, M.K. et al. (2006). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 339(4):1043-1047.	vegetative insecticidal protein, nearly identical in amino acid sequence to that encoded by the native vip3Aa1 gene from B. thuringiensis, with the exception of two amino acids (Lys284 changed to Glu; Met129 changed to Ile). GenBank: DQ539888.1.	100887
>CS-vip4Da2-BACTU	Vpb4Da2	Bacillus thuringiensis	Pest/Disease resistance > Insect resistance > Coleoptera resistance	Confers resistance against western corn rootworm (WCR).	Gene encoding the vegetative insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis. Yin, Y. et al (2020). PLoS One 15(11): e0242791; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242791
>CS-viral coat protein
>CS-cp-CMV		Cucumber mosaic virus	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance > Cucumber mosaic virus resistance	confers resistance to Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) through "pathogen-derived resistance" mechanism. APHIS Petition for CZW-2 (1995); Quemada et al. (1991). Phytopathology, 81, 794-802	Coat protein gene from CMV. Quemada et al. (1991). Phytopathology, 81, 794-802	15027
>CS-cp-PPV		Plum pox virus	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance > Plum pox virus resistance	confers resistance to Plum pox virus (PPV) through "pathogen-derived resistance" mechanism. Scorza et al. (1994). Plant Cell Reports, 14, 18-22	Coat protein gene from PPV. Ravelonandro et al. (1988). J gen Virol, 69, 1509-1516	104309
>CS-cp-PRSV		Papaya ringspot virus				15026
>CS-cp-PVY		Potato virus Y	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance > Potato virus Y resistance	confers resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY) through "pathogen-derived resistance" mechanism. Lawson et al. (1990). Biotechnology, 8, 127-134	Coat protein gene from PVY including the complete 3' UTR . Lawson et al. (1990). Biotechnology, 8, 127-134	15020
>CS-cp-WMV	CS-cp-WMV2	Watermelon mosaic virus	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance > Watermelon mosaic virus resistance	confers resistance to Watermelon mosaic potyvirus 2 (WMV2) through "pathogen-derived resistance" mechanism. APHIS Petition for CZW-2 (1995); Quemada et al. (1990). Journal of General Virology, 71, 1451-1460	Coat protein gene from WMV2. Quemada et al. (1990). Journal of General Virology, 71, 1451-1460	15024
>CS-cp-ZYMV		Zucchini yellow mosaic virus	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance > Zucchini yellow mosaic virus resistance	confers resistance to Zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV) through "pathogen-derived resistance" mechanism. APHIS Petition for CZW-2 (1995); Quemada et al. (1990). Journal of General Virology, 71, 1451-1460	Coat protein gene from ZYMV. Quemada et al. (1990). Journal of General Virology, 71, 1451-1460	15025
>CS-cp_RNAi_as-CBSV		Cassava brown streak virus	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance > Cassava brown streak virus resistance	part of an RNAi expression system that induces post-transcriptional silencing of the cp gene from Cassava brown streak virus	Near full-length coding sequence of the viral coat protein of Cassava brown streak virus in antisense orientation. Monger et al. (2001) Plant Pathol., 50:527-543. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00589.x
>CS-cp_RNAi_as-UCBSV		Ugandan cassava brown streak virus	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance > Ugandan cassava brown streak virus resistance	part of an RNAi expression system that induces post-transcriptional silencing of the cp gene from Ugandan cassava brown streak virus	Near full-length coding sequence of the viral coat protein of Ugandan cassava brown streak virus in antisense orientation. Patil et al. (2001) Mol Plant Pathol., 12(1):31-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00650.x
>CS-cp_RNAi_s-CBSV		Cassava brown streak virus	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance > Cassava brown streak virus resistance	part of an RNAi expression system that induces post-transcriptional silencing of the cp gene from Cassava brown streak virus	Near full-length coding sequence of the viral coat protein of Cassava brown streak virus in sense orientation. Monger et al. (2001) Plant Pathol., 50:527-543. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00589.x
>CS-cp_RNAi_s-UCBSV		Ugandan cassava brown streak virus	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance > Ugandan cassava brown streak virus resistance	part of an RNAi expression system that induces post-transcriptional silencing of the cp gene from Ugandan cassava brown streak virus	Near full-length coding sequence of the viral coat protein of Ugandan cassava brown streak virus in sense orientation. Patil et al. (2001) Mol Plant Pathol., 12(1):31-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00650.x
>CS-cp_sgRNA-WDV	sg1	Wheat dwarf virus	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance	Part of a CRISPR/Cas9 system to target and cleave the viral genome to inhibit Wheat dwarf virus replication.	single guide RNA of 20 bp targeting the overlapping sequence of the coat protein (CP) and the movement protein (MP) from Wheat dwarf virus. Kis et al. (2019) Plant Biotech J, 17:1004-1006. doi: 10.1111/pbi.13077.
>CS-viral replication associated protein
>CS-repA_sgRNA-WDV	sg2	Wheat dwarf virus	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance	Part of a CRISPR/Cas9 system to target and cleave the viral genome to inhibit Wheat dwarf virus replication.	single guide RNA of 20 bp targeting the sequence shared by the replication-associated proteins RepA and Rep from Wheat dwarf virus. Kis et al. (2019) Plant Biotech J, 17:1004-1006. doi:10.1111/pbi.13077.
>CS-rep_sgRNA-WDV	sg4	Wheat dwarf virus	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance	Part of a CRISPR/Cas9 system to target and cleave the viral genome to inhibit Wheat dwarf virus replication.	single guide RNA of 20 bp targeting the sequence of the replication-associated protein Rep from Wheat dwarf virus. Kis et al. (2019) Plant Biotech J, 17:1004-1006. doi: 10.1111/pbi.13077.
>CS-wall-associated receptor-like kinase
>CS-nlb18 (res)_MAIZE	Htn1-RLK	Zea mays	Pest/Disease resistance > Fungus and Oomycete resistance > Northern leaf blight resistance	Replacing northern leaf blight (NLB) sensitive alleles of nlb18 with disease resistant alleles (nlb18 (res)) at the same locus confers resistance against the fungal pathogen Exserohilum turcicum (anamorph Setosphaeria turcica). Raymundo et al. (1981) Plant Disease 65:237-330. doi: 10.1094/PD-65-327	Northern leaf blight disease resistant allele of nlb18; encodes a wall-associated receptor-like kinase (WAK-RLK) involved in pathogen recognition and cellular signalling. Hurni et al. (2015) PNAS, 112:8780-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1502522112.
>CS-WRKY transcription factor
>CS-WRKY45-ORYSA		Oryza sativa	Pest/Disease resistance	plays a crucial role in benzothiadiazole (BTH)-induced disease resistance. BTH is a plant activator which sets off a signalling cascade that protects plants from diseases by activating the salicylic acid signaling pathway. Shimono et al. (2012). Mol Plant Path, 13, 83-94	WRKY45 transcription factor from rice. Shimono et al. (2012) Mol. Plant Path. 13(1):83-94	103726
>CS-wrky52_genome edited-VITVI	RRS1	Vitis vinifera	Pest/Disease resistance > Fungus and Oomycete resistance > Botrytis cinerea resistance	Transcription factors of the WRKY family have been shown to play roles in biotic stress responses. Knockout mutation of wrky52 in grape enhances the resistance to Botrytis cinerea. Wang et al. (2018), Plant Biotech J 16, 844-855; doi:10.1111/pbi.12832	encodes transcription factor WRKY52, which plays essential roles in the salicylic acid dependent signal transduction pathway. Wang et al. (2017), Front Plant Sci. 8:97. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00097
>CS-wrky70_genome edited-BRANA		Brassica napus	Pest/Disease resistance > Fungus and Oomycete resistance > Sclerotinia sclerotiorum resistance	WRKY70 has been reported to be associated with disease resistance. Knockout mutation of wrky70 enhances B. napus resistance to S. sclerotiorum. Sun et al. (2018). Int.J Mol Sci, 19, 2716; doi:10.3390/ijms19092716.	Encodes transcription factor WRKY70, that acts as an activator of salicylic acid-induced genes and as a repressor of jasmonic acid-responsive genes. Bakshi et al. (2014). Plant Signal Behav, 9(2):e27700. doi:10.4161/psb.27700.
>CS-zinc finger transcription factor
>CS-mxr1-PICPA	Mxr1p	Pichia pastoris	Production of medical, pharmaceutical or nutritional compounds > Amino acid, peptide or protein production > Soy leghemoglobin	Mxr1 is a key regulator of methanol metabolism in Pichia pastoris and a transcriptional activator of the alcohol oxidase 1 promoter (pAOX1). Kranthi et al. (2009) Biochim Biophys Acta, 1789(6-8):460-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2009.05.004	Gene encoding the methanol expression regulator 1 (Mxr1) from Pichia pastoris. Kranthi et al. (2009) Biochim Biophys Acta, 1789(6-8):460-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2009.05.004
enhancer
>E-34S FMV
>E-FMV	E-35S FMV	Figwort mosaic virus				105196
>E-alcohol dehydrogenase
>E-ADH1-TOBAC	ADH-5'UTR	Nicotiana tabacum		functions as transcriptional enhancer.	5' UTR from tobacco alcohol dehydrogenase1 from Nicotiana tabacum.	110414
>E-Cauliflower mosaic virus	E-35S
>E-35S-CaMV	E-35S	Cauliflower mosaic virus				105197
>E-Dahlia mosaic virus
>E-DMV	DaMV-flt	Dahlia mosaic virus		Functions as transcriptional enhancer.	Full length transcript of the enhancer sequence derived from a Dalia mosaic virus promotor, Genbank accession EF513491, nucleotides 1 through 322. Flasinski (2020). Patent US20200224213A1.
>E-DMVH	DaMV.H-flt	Dahlia mosaic virus-Holland		Functions as transcriptional enhancer.	Enhancer sequence derived from multiple ORF6 promotors of Dalia mosaic virus-Holland isolates. Flasinski (2020). Patent US20200224213A1
>E-homologous region
>E-hr5-AcMNPV		Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus		functions as transcriptional enhancer.	homologous region 5 (hr5) from Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus. Rodems S. and Friesen P. (1993) . JVI 67(10), 5776-5785	105017
>E-nopaline synthase
>E-nos-RHIRD		Agrobacterium tumefaciens
>E-Physical impedance induced protein
>E-iig-MAIZE	Zm.PIIG, piip	Zea mays		Functions as transcriptional enhancer.	Enhancer derived from promotor of the IIG gene encoding the physical impedance induced protein from Zea mays. Huang, YF et al. (1998). Plant Mol Biol, 37(6):921-30; doi: 10.1023/a:1006034411529
>E-rb7 matrix attachment region
>E-as_rb7_mar-TOBAC		Nicotiana tabacum				104795
>E-rb7_mar-TOBAC
>E-RuBisCO small subunit
>E-rbcS-MAIZE	L-RuBisCO-SSU, L-SSU, SSU-5 UTR	Zea mays
>E-Tobacco mosaic virus
>E-TMV		Tobacco mosaic virus
intron
>I-14_3_3 protein
>I-14_3_3C-SETIT	I-SETit.14-3-3C-5	Setaria italica			Intron derived from a 14-3-3C protein gene from Sataria italica.
>I-actin
>I-1_act1-ORYSA	I-ract1	Oryza sativa				100355
>I-1_act15-ORYSA		Oryza sativa			first intron from the actin 15 gene from Oryza sativa.
>I-1_act8-ARATH	I-act8	Arabidopsis thaliana				103909
>I-act4-SETIT	I-SETit.Act4	Setaria italica			Intron derived from an actin 4 gene from Sataria italica. Flasinski et al. (2011). Patent US20130031672A1
>I-alcohol dehydrogenase
>I-1_adh1-MAIZE		Zea mays
>I-2_adh1-MAIZE	I-ADH1 intron 2	Zea mays				103867
>I-6_adh1-MAIZE	I-ADH1 intron 6	Zea mays				103625
>I-adh-DROSP		Drosophila spp.
>I-catalase
>I-cat1-RIICO		Ricinus communis		can be used as a spacer sequence between antisense- and sense gene fragments in RNAi constructs to enhance vector stability. When expressed, the intron is spliced and the remaining RNA forms an inverted repeat double stranded structure triggering RNA silencing of the respective target gene.	Intron of the catalase 1 gene
>I-dihydroflavonol 4-reductase
>I-dfr-PETHY		Petunia hybrida
>I-elongation factor 1 alpha
>I-1_EF1alpha-ARATH	I-EF-1 alpha, I-tsf1	Arabidopsis thaliana				103905
>I-heat shock protein
>I-hsp70-MAIZE		Zea mays				100359
>I-histone
>I-1_H3-ARATH	I-H3At	Arabidopsis thaliana				104648
>I-intron-containing 5'UTR
>I-AGO4	5'UTR, intron-containing untranslated region	Arabidopsis thaliana			Intron-containing 5' UTR of gene AGO4; Zilberman, D. et al. (2003). Science 299, 716-719
>I-At1g01170	5'UTR, intron-containing untranslated region	Arabidopsis thaliana			Intron-containing 5' UTR of locus At1g01170; Nakabayashi, K. et al. (2005). Plant Journal 41, 697-709
>I-At1g62290	5'UTR, intron-containing untranslated region	Arabidopsis thaliana			Intron-containing 5' UTR of locus At1g62290 (aspartyl protease family protein); Chen, X. et al. (2002). Eur J Biochem 269, 4675-4684
>I-At1g65090	5'UTR, intron-containing untranslated region	Arabidopsis thaliana			Intron-containing 5' UTR of locus At1g65090; Braybrook, S.A. et al. (2006). PNAS 103, 3468-3473
>I-At5g63190	5'UTR, intron-containing untranslated region	Arabidopsis thaliana			Intron-containing 5' UTR of locus At5g63190; Wang, Y. et al. (2008). Plant Physiology 148, 1201-1211
>I-MADS-box protein
>I-MADS-box protein-MAIZE		Zea mays			Intron containing 5' noncoding region of MADS-domain transcription factor gene region from Zea mays.
>I-multiple sequences
>I-gsi-SYNTH	GSI102, GSI17	Synthetic		Involved in regulating gene expression.	Synthetic intron sequence developed from multiple intron sequences from Arabidopsis thaliana. W. Davis and A. Shariff (2018). Patent WO2018136594.
>I-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
>I-9_pepc-MAIZE	iPEPC9	Zea mays				101406
>I-psbr
>I-2_psbr-SOLTU	LS1	Solanum tuberosum			Intron 2 of the psbr gene (also known as light-inducible tissue-specific LS1 gene); length: 193bp.
>I-pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
>I-pdk-FLATR		Flaveria trinervia
>I-RuBisCO small subunit
>I-1_rbcS-MAIZE		Zea mays				100360
>I-scraps
>I-scraps-DROME	anillin intron, scra intron	Drosophila melanogaster		functions in enhancing gene expression by stabilizing the mRNA and is required for translation of the mRNA.	Intron region of scraps, an actin binding protein.	115341
>I-sex-specific splicing module
>I-sex-specific-AEDAE	female specific intron	Aedes aegypti		allows for female-specific expression of proteins through alternative splicing. In males, the intron is not spliced out and contains multiple stop codons interrupting translation and preventing expression.	Sex-specific intron.	115343
>I-ubiquitin
>I-1_ubi1-MAIZE	I-Ubi1Zm 1, I-ZmUbi1	Zea mays				103627
>I-TubA-ORYSA		Oryza sativa		intron sequence of the alpha-tubulin gene TubA. Jeon et al. (2000). Plant Phys, 123(3):1005-1014
>I-ubi-ANDGE		Andropogon gerardii
>I-ubi-ARUDO		Arundo donax			Intron of ubiquitin.
>I-ubi-COILA		Coix lacryma-jobi			Intron of ubiquitin.
>I-ubi-TRIRV		Tripidium ravennae			Intron of ubiquitin.
>I-ubi1-MAIZE		Zea mays			5' UTR of noncoding region of ubiquitin gene 1.
>I-ubi10-ARATH		Arabidopsis thaliana		affect expression of chimeric genes in plants.Norris et al. (1993). Plant Mol Biol, 21(5):895-906	First intron of the ubiquitin 10 gene
>I-ubi3-ARATH		Arabidopsis thaliana		affects expression of chimeric genes in plants. Norris et al. (1993). Plant Mol Biol, 21(5):895-906	First intron of the ubiquitin 3 gene
>I-ubi4-PETCR	Ubi4(Pc)	Petroselinum crispum			Intron of ubiquitin; Kawalleck, P. et al. (1993). Plant Molecular Biology 21, 673-684
>I-ubi4-SACOF		Saccharum officinarum
>I-unknown protein
>I-unknown protein-MAIZE	zm-HPLV9 intron	Zea mays			Intron region from the Zea mays ortholog of an Oryza sativa hypothetical protein.
leader
>L-5'e1 tapetum specific
>L-5_e1-ORYSA	L-5'e1, L-GE1	Oryza sativa				104947
>L-5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase
>L-epsps-ARATH	L-ShkG	Arabidopsis thaliana				103857
>L-actin
>L-act8-ARATH	L-actin 8	Arabidopsis thaliana				103908
>L-alcohol dehydrogenase
>L-adh-ORYSA		Oryza sativa		functions as a translational enhancer and contributes to efficient translation in dicotyledonous and in monocotyledonous plant cells. Sugio et al. (2008) J Biosci Bioeng. 105(3):300-302	5'UTR of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene. Sugio et al. (2008) J Biosci Bioeng. 105(3):300-302	104870
>L-alpha subunit of beta-conglycinin
>L-7Salpha-SOYBN	L-7Salpha, L-alpha'-bcsp, L-beta-conglycinin storage protein	Glycine max
>L-alpha-tubulin
>L-TubA-ORYSA		Oryza sativa			leader sequence of the alpha-tubulin gene TubA. Jeon et al. (2000). Plant Phys, 123(3):1005-1014
>L-beta-glucuronidase
>L-uidA-ECOLX		Escherichia coli
>L-Cauliflower mosaic virus	L-35S
>L-35S-CaMV		Cauliflower mosaic virus			5' untranslated region derived from the 35S RNA of Cauliflower mosaic virus isolate NY8153. Guilley, H. et al. (1982). Cell 30(3): 763-773. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90281-1	105197
>L-cestrum yellow leaf curling virus
>L-CYLCV		Cestrum yellow leaf curling virus
>L-chlorophyll a/b-binding protein
>L-cab-PETHY	L-Cab22	Petunia hybrida				101901
>L-cab-WHEAT		Triticum aestivum				100354
>L-elongation factor 1 alpha
>L-EF1alpha-ARATH	L -tsf1, L-EF-1 alpha	Arabidopsis thaliana				103904
>L-heat shock protein
>L-hsp17_9-SOYBN	L-hsp17.9	Glycine max				103922
>L-hsp70-PETHY		Petunia hybrida				103901
>L-lipid transfer protein
>L-ltp-MAIZE	L-Zm.Ltp	Zea mays			5' UTR derived from a lipid transfer protein gene from Zea mays. Flasinski et al. (2014). Patent US10421974B2
>L-rcc3-TRIDA	L-Td.RCc3	Tripsacum dactyloides			5' UTR derived from a RCc3 gene from Tripsacum dactyloides. Flasinski et al. (2014). Patent US10421974B2
>L-octopine synthase
>L-ocs-RHIRD	L-OCS	Agrobacterium tumefaciens				104673
>L-omega Tobacco mosaic virus
>L-omega-TMV	L-O5'-UTR, L-omega	Tobacco mosaic virus				104820
>L-Papaya ringspot virus
>L-PRSV		Papaya ringspot virus
>L-peptide
>L-pep-SYNTH		Synthetic
>L-RNA 4 of Alfalfa mosaic virus
>L-RNA4-AMV	L-AMVRNA4	Alfalfa mosaic virus			untranslated leader sequence from alfalfa mosaic virus RNA4. Datla et al. (1993). Plant Science 94:139-149; doi:10.1016/0168-9452(93)90015-R.	103886
>L-RuBisCO small subunit
>L-rbcS-MAIZE	L-RuBisCO-SSU , L-SSU, SSU-5'UTR	Zea mays				103768
>L-Tobacco etch virus
>L-TEV	L-5'-TEV, L-TEV 5', L-TEV5'	Tobacco etch virus				104664
>L-tonoplast integral protein
>L-tip1-SETIT	Tonoplast intrinsic protein 1	Setaria italica			Leader of tonoplast integral protein 1
>L-ubiquitin
>L-ubi-ANDGE		Andropogon gerardii
>L-ubi-ARUDO		Arundo donax			Leader of ubiquitin.
>L-ubi-COILA		Coix lacryma-jobi			Leader of ubiquitin.
>L-ubi-MAIZE	L-ZmUbi, L-ZmUbi1, L-ubi1Zm, L-ubiZm	Zea mays				103927
>L-ubi-TRIRV		Tripidium ravennae			Leader of ubiquitin from Tripidium ravennae (a.k.a. Erianthus ravennae). US Patent 20190241903
>L-ubi10-ARATH		Arabidopsis thaliana			5' UTR of the ubiquitin 10 gene
>L-ubi3-ARATH		Arabidopsis thaliana			5' UTR of the ubiquitin 3 gene
>L-ubi4-SACOF		Saccharum officinarum
other sequences
>O-chloroplast DNA
>O-intergenic DNA	flanking sequence
>O-flanking DNA-HOST	flanking sequence
>O-genomic DNA-HOST
>O-lir_sgRNA-WDV	sg3	Wheat dwarf virus	Pest/Disease resistance > Plant virus resistance	Part of a CRISPR/Cas9 system to target and cleave the viral genome to inhibit Wheat dwarf virus replication.	single guide RNA of 20 bp targeting the sequence of the large intergenic region (LIR) from Wheat dwarf virus. Kis et al. (2019) Plant Biotech J, 17:1004-1006. doi: 10.1111/pbi.13077.
>O-sequence of unknown origin
promoter
>P-5'e1 stamen specific
>P-5_e1-ORYSA	P-5'e1, P-GE1	Oryza sativa				101026
>P-5126 anther-specific
>P-5126-MAIZE	P-5126del	Zea mays		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to anther-specific expression.	Promoter of the 5126 transcript. Unger et al. (2001). Transgenic Res 10(5), 409-422	103911
>P-acetohydroxy acid synthase
>P-ahas-ARATH	acetolactate synthase (ALS) promoter	Arabidopsis thaliana		Promoter (directs transcription).	Promoter of the acetohydroxy acid synthase gene. Mazur et al. (1987). Plant Physiol, 85(4), 1110-1117	103932
>P-ahas-MAIZE	acetolactate synthase (ALS) promoter	Zea mays		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to high expression in various plant tissues.	Promoter of the acetohydroxy acid synthase gene. Dietrich et al. (1996) WO1996007746A1	103926
>P-ahas-ORYSA	Acetolactate synthase (ALS) promoter	Oryza sativa		leads to gene expression (constitutive)	Promoter of the acetohydroxy acid synthase from rice. Osakabe et al. (2005) Mol Breeding 16(4):313-320	104876
>P-ahas-TOBAC	P-SuRB, acetolactate synthase (ALS) promoter	Nicotiana tabacum		Promoter (directs transcription). Weak expression.	Promoter of the acetohydroxy acid synthase gene. Mazur et al. (1987) Plant Physiol, 85(4): 1110-1117	104672
>P-actin
>P-act1-ORYSA	P-ract1	Oryza sativa		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to strong constitutive expression.	Promoter of the actin 1 gene. McElroy et al. (1990). The Plant Cell, 2, 163-171	100364
>P-act2-ARATH		Arabidopsis thaliana				104517
>P-act5c-DROME	P-Act5C	Drosophila melanogaster				103761
>P-act8-ARATH		Arabidopsis thaliana		Promoter (directs transcription). Weak to moderate expression in some plant tissues.	Promoter of the actin 8 gene. An et al. (1996). The Plant Journal 10(1), 107-121	103907
>P-ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase
>P-Agp-SOLTU		Solanum tuberosum				106420
>P-alcohol oxidase
>P-aox1-PICPA	pAOX1 promoter	Pichia pastoris		Promoter (directs transcription)	Promoter of the alcohol oxidase 1 gene from Pichia pastoris that is induced by methanol. Cregg et al. (2000) Mol Biotechnol. 16(1):23-52. doi: 10.1385/MB:16:1:23
>P-alpha subunit of beta-conglycinin
>P-7Salpha-SOYBN	L-alpha-bcsp, L-beta-conglycinin storage protein, P-7Salpha	Glycine max		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads transcriptional activity in the embryo.	Promoter region of the alpha subunit of the beta-conglycinin gene. Imoto et al. (2008). Genes Genet. Syst 83, 469-476	104359
>P-alpha-globulin B
>P-alpha-glbB-GOSHI	AGP>	Gossypium hirsutum		leads to seed-specific expression	Promoter of the seed storage protein alpha-globulin B; Sunilkumar et al. (2001). Transgenic Research, 11, 347-359
>P-alpha-S1-casein
>P-csns1-BOVIN		Bos taurus		Promoter (directs transcription).	Promoter of the bovine alpha-S1-casein gene from cattle that drives expression to the mammary gland. Maga, EA. et al. (2006). J Dairy Sci, 89, 518-524. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72114-2
>P-alpha-tubulin
>P-TubA-ORYSA	OsTubA1	Oryza sativa		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to high expression in actively dividing tissues.	Promoter of the alpha-tubulin gene TubA. Jeon et al. (2000). Plant Phys, 123(3):1005-1014	108877
>P-anthocyanidin synthase
>P-ans-DIACA	Leucoanthocyanidin Dioxygenase, Leucocyanidin Oxygenase	Dianthus caryophyllus		Promoter (directs transcription)	Promoter of the anthocyanidin synthase gene	105427
>P-anti freeze protein
>P-AFP-ZOAAM		Zoarces americanus		Promoter (directs transcription).	Promoter (directs transcription). Expression induced by wounding, environmental factors, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and UV light.	104722
>P-arcelin
>P-arc5a-PHAVU	arcelin5	Phaseolus vulgaris		leads to gene expression in seeds	Promoter of arcelin; Goossens, A. et al. (1999). Plant Physiology 120, 1095-1104
>P-Banana streak virus	BSAcVNV
>P-BSV(AV)		Banana streak virus		Promoter (directs transcription).	Promoter of the Banana streak virus (Acuminata Vietnam strain). Lheureux et al. (2007). Arch Virol, 152:1409-1416
>P-BSV(YV)		Banana streak virus		Promoter (directs transcription)	Promoter region from the Banana streak virus (Acuminata Yunnan strain); Schenk et al. (2001). Plant Mol Biol, 47(3):399-412.
>P-beta-casein
>P-csn2-CAPHI		Capra hircus		Promoter (directs transcription)	Promoter of the beta-casein gene from goat that drives expression to the mammary gland. Cerdán et al. (1998) Mol Reprod Dev. 49(3):236-45. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199803)49:3<236::AID-MRD3>3.0.CO;2-P
>P-beta-lactoglobulin
>P-lgb-BOVIN		Bos taurus		Promoter (directs transcription)	Promoter of the beta-lactoglobulin gene from cattle that drives expression to the mammary gland. Clark (1998) J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 3(3):337-50. doi: 10.1023/a:1018723712996
>P-bidirectional sugar transporter
>P-sweet11_genome edited-ORYSA	Os8n3, OsSWEET11	Oryza sativa	Pest/Disease resistance > Bacterial resistance	Plant SWEET genes encoding putative sugar transporters were identified as target genes of TAL effectors from the bacterial plant-pathogen Xanthomonas. Streubel J et al. (2013) New Phytol. 200:808-819	Promoter region of the bidirectional sugar transporter SWEET11 from Oryza sativa. Eom, JS et al. (2015). Curr Opin Plant Biol, 25:53-62
>P-sweet13_genome edited-ORYSA	OsSweet13, Xa25	Oryza sativa	Pest/Disease resistance > Bacterial resistance > Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) resistance	Mutations within the promoter regions of sweet genes confer resistance to plant pathogens. Bezrutczyk et al. (2018) Plant J. 93(4):675-685. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13775	Promoter region of the bidirectional sugar transporter SWEET13 from Oryza sativa. Cheng et al. (2017) Sci China Life Sci 60(3):298-306. doi: 10.1007/s11427-016-0299-x
>P-sweet14_genome edited-ORYSA	Os11n3, OsSWEET14	Oryza sativa	Pest/Disease resistance > Bacterial resistance	Plant SWEET genes encoding putative sugar transporters were identified as target genes of TAL effectors from the bacterial plant-pathogen Xanthomonas. Streubel J et al. (2013). New Phytol, 200:808-819	Promoter region of the bidirectional sugar transporter SWEET14 from Oryza sativa. Eom, JS et al. (2015). Curr Opin Plant Biol, 25:53-62
>P-bromelain inhibitor
>P-bi-ANACO	BRI, IBRO	Ananas comosus		fruit-enhanced expression	modified promoter derived from the pineapple bromelain inhibitor gene (bi); length: 2.5 kb. Sawano Y. et al. (2001). Journal of Biol. Chem. 227 (31), 28222-28227
>P-CA55 stamen-specific
>P-CA55-MAIZE	PCA55	Zea mays		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to stamen-specific expression.	Promoter of the CA55 transcript. De Beuckeleer et al. (1992) WO1992013957A1	101413
>P-calcium-dependent protein kinase
>P-cdpk-MAIZE	P-pollen	Zea mays		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to pollen-specific expression.	Promoter of a calcium-dependent protein kinase gene. Estruch et al. (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 91(19):8837-8841	101405
>P-Cassava vein mosaic virus
>P-CsVMV	P-XYZ-CsVMV, Pcsvmv XYZ, XYZ promoter	Cassava vein mosaic virus		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to near-constitutive expression.	Promoter region of the Cassava vein mosaic virus. Verdaguer et al. (1996). Plant Mol Biol, 31:1129-1139.	101900
>P-Cauliflower mosaic virus	P-35S
>P-2ocs_35S-SYNTH
>P-35S-CaMV	P-35S, P-CaMV 35S	Cauliflower mosaic virus				100287
>P-4AS1-CaMV	CaMV 35S promoter plus four repeats of activating sequence, P-4AS1	Cauliflower mosaic virus		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to high levels of expression in roots.	Consists of four tandem repeats of activating sequence-1 (AS1; length: 21bp) (Lam and Chua 1990) and a single portion of the 35S promoter (Odell et al. 1985) both derived from Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV).	101504
>P-e35S-CaMV		Cauliflower mosaic virus		Promoter (directs transcription). This element contains promoter and leader for the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S RNA containing a duplicated enhancer region which additionally stimulates the activity of this promoter in plants.	Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter with duplicated enhancer region; inserted element length can vary between e.g. 307bp/322bp/296bp/551bp/615bp; Kay R, et al. (1987) Science 236, 1299-1302	100366
>P-Cauliflower mosaic virus-Rsyn7 hybrid
>P-scp1-SYNTH		Synthetic		Promoter (directs transcription). Confers identical tissue-specificity and similar activity as 35S CaMV promoter (increased Rsyn7 activity).	Constitutive synthetic promoter comprising a portion of the CaMV 35S promoter and the Rsyn7-Syn II Core consensus promoter. U.S. patent 6,555,673. Bowen et al. 2003.	104818
>P-Cestrum yellow leaf curling virus
>P-CYLCV	P-CmYLCV	Cestrum yellow leaf curling virus		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to strong constitutive expression in a variety of plants.	Promoter of the Cestrum yellow leaf curling virus. Stavolone et al. (2003). Plant Mol Biol, 53(5), 703-713	104788
>P-SMP-SYNTH	synthetic minimal plant promoter, from the Cestrum yellow leaf curling virus promoter	Synthetic		Synthetic minimal promoter (directs transcription). Leads to strong constitutive expression in plants.	Synthetic minimal promoter based on the Cestrum yellow leaf curling virus promoter. Sahoo et al. (2003) In: Hehl R. (eds) Plant Synthetic Promoters. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1482.
>P-chalcone synthase
>P-chs-ANTMA		Antirrhinum majus		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to tissue-specific expression, is controlled by light.	Promoter of the chalcone synthase gene. Sommer et al. (1988). Mol Gen Genet, 211, 49-55	103771
>P-chlorophyll a/b-binding protein
>P-cab1-ARATH	P-Cab-At1	Arabidopsis thaliana		Promoter (directs transcription mainly in green tissue). Ha and An (1988). Proc Natl Acad Sci 85(21):8017-21. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.21.8017	Promoter and leader sequence of chlorophyll a/b binding 1 gene (CAB1) from Arabidopsis thaliana. GenBank OK149192	114687
>P-Citrus yellow mosaic virus
>P-CiYMV	P-CYMV	Citrus yellow mosaic virus		Promoter (directs transcription).	Promoter of the CiYMV; Huang et al. (2001). J Gen Virol, 82:2549-58
>P-conlinin
>P-cnl1-LINUS	cn11	Linum usitatissimum		leads to gene expression in developing seeds (middle-late stage)	Promoter of the conlinin1 gene. Truska et al. (2003). Plant Phys and Biochem, 41,141-147
>P-cnl2-LINUS	cn12	Linum usitatissimum		leads to gene expression in developing seeds	Promoter of the conlinin2 gene. Truska et al. (2003). Plant Phys and Biochem, 41, 141-147
>P-cruciferin A
>P-cruA-BRANA	CRU2/3, 12S storage protein, cruciferin A	Brassica napus		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to a developmentally regulated pattern of expression in developing embryos.	Promoter region of the cruciferin storage protein gene. Breen and Crouch (1992) Plant Mol Biol 19(6), 1049-1055	103918
>P-delta mas2
>P-4ocs_delta_mas-SYNTH	P-4ocs delta Mas2, E-4ocs-RHIRD	Synthetic				103900
>P-dihydroflavonol 4-reductase
>P-dfr-PETHY	dfrA promoter	Petunia hybrida		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to highest expression in flower corolla, anthers and seeds.	Promoter of the dihydroflavonol-4-reductase gene. Huits et al. (1994). Plant J, 6(3):295-310	105798
>P-elongation factor EF-1 alpha
>P-EF1alpha-ARATH	P-EF-1 alpha, T-TSF1	Arabidopsis thaliana		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to strong constitutive expression in plants.	Promoter of the elongation factor EF-1 alpha gene. Axelos et al. (1989). Mol Gen Genet, 219(2):106-112	103903
>P-EF1alpha-SOYBN	P-l7gTsfl-SOYBN, TEFS1, TSF1, prGm17gTsf1	Glycine max		leads to gene expression	Elongation factor EF-1alpha promoter; Aguilar F. et al. (1991). Plant Mol Biol 17, 351-360
>P-epoxide hydrolase
>P-ephx-ANACO	EHS	Ananas comosus		leads to constitutive gene expression	promoter of the epoxide hydrolase gene from Ananas. Constitutive expression; length: 1.7 kb
>P-ethylene biosynthesis-related
>P-E8-SOLLC		Solanum lycopersicum		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to fruit-specific and species-specific expression in plants.	Promoter of the E8 gene. Zhao et al. (2009). J Biosci, 34(1):71-83	104862
>P-fatty acid elongase
>P-fae1-ARATH	3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 18, KCS-18, VLCFA condensing enzyme 18, very long-chain fatty acid condensing enzyme 18	Arabidopsis thaliana		leads to embryo-specific expression at the time of storage oil deposition	Promoter of the fatty acid elongase gene. Rossak et al. (2001). Plant Mol Biol, 46, 717-725
>P-fae1-BRANA	3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 18, KCS-18; very long-chain fatty acid condensing enzyme 18, VLCFA condensing enzyme 18	Brassica napus		leads to embryo-specific expression at the time of storage oil deposition	Promoter of fatty acid elongase. Han, J. et al. (2001). Plant Molecular Biology 46, 229-239
>P-flavanone 3-hydroxylase
>P-f3h-CHRMO	F3Hp	Chrysanthemum x morifolium		Promoter (petal-sepcific, directs transcription mainly in floral tissue). Noda et al. (2013) PCP, 54(10):1684-95. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pct111	Flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene promoter from Chrysanthemum morifolium. Expression of downstream sequences are expected to be restricted to the floral tissues. GenBank MW463894.1. Noda et al. (2013) PCP, 54(10):1684-95. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pct111	109829
>P-FMV
>P-34S FMV	P-35S FMV, P-CMoVb	Figwort mosaic virus		Promoter (directs transcription)	34S promoter derived from Figwort mosaic virus (FMV). Shepard et al. (1987) Phytopathology 77:1668-1673; Richins et al. (1987) Nucl Acids Res. 15:8451-8466; Gowda et al. (1989) J Cell Biochem. 13D (supplement):301	101507
>P-globulin 1
>P-glb1-MAIZE	GBL1, P-G1 globulin	Zea mays	Composition alteration > Nutritional composition > Altered amino acid composition	Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to expression predominantly in the germ portion of the grain.	Promoter region of the globulin 1 gene.	103623
>P-glutathione S-transferase
>P-gst-ORYSA		Oryza sativa		leads to differential gene expression (regulated by developmental processes, hormones, abiotic and/or biotic stresses)	Promoter of the glutathione S-transferase gene from rice. Jain et al. (2010) BMC Genomics 11(73)	104869
>P-glutelin
>P-gluA1-ORYZA	GTL	Oryza sativa		provides endosperm-specific gene expression.	Promoter derived from Oryza sativa Glutelin-1 gene (similar to GenBank accession number EU264103.1). Qu et al. (2008). J Exp Botany, 59, 2417-2424
>P-GluA2-ORYSA	GluA-2, Glutelin type-A2	Oryza sativa		ensures strong transcription in developing endosperm tissue	Endosperm-specific glutelin promoter from rice. Takaiwa et al. (1987). FEBS Letters, 22, 43-47
>P-granule-bound starch synthase
>P-gbss-SOLTU		Solanum tuberosum		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to tissue-specific expression, with high levels of activity in tubers and stolons.	Promoter of the granule-bound starch synthase gene. Van der Steege et al. (1992). Plant Mol Biol, 20(1):19-30	14997
>P-heat shock protein
>P-hsp70-DROSP	P-HSP70	Drosophila spp.				103762
>P-hsp80-BRAOL		Brassica oleracea		Promoter (directs transcription). Provides constitutive expression in a wide range of tissues and organs.	Promoter region of the heat shock protein 80 (hsp80) gene. Brunke and Wilson (1993) EP0 559 603 A2	101873
>P-hsp81_2-ARATH	P-hsp81-2	Arabidopsis thaliana		leads to high expression under normal growth temperatures (22°C) in all tissues	Promoter of the heat shock protein 81-2 ; Yabe et al. (1994), Plant and Cell Physiol. 35, 1207-1219
>P-histone
>P-H2B-MAIZE		Zea mays		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to high level of expression in organs containing meristematic tissues.	Promoter of the histone gene H2B. Joanin et al. (1992). Plant Mol Biol, 20:581-588.
>P-H4-ARATH	P-histone H4, P-histone H4A748	Arabidopsis thaliana		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to expression in meristematic tissues. (Lepetit et al. (1992). Mol Gen Genet, 231(2):276-85.	Promoter of the histone H4 gene. Chaboute et al. (1987). Plant Mol Biol, 8, 179-191	104647
>P-homeodomain-leucine zipper 4
>P-HD4-HELAN		Helianthus annuus		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to gene expression under drought or high salinity conditions, regulated by abscisic acid.	Homeodomain-leucine zipper 4 promoter. Dezar et al. (2005). Transgenic Res, 14,429-40.	112018
>P-Kunitz trypsin inhibitor
>P-KTi3-SOYBN		Glycine max		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to highest expression during embryogenesis, less active in leaf tissue.	Promoter region of the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor gene. Jofuku and Goldberg (1989). Plant Cell 1(11), 1079-1093	103893
>P-legumin
>P-leg1-MAIZE		Zea mays		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to expression in developing endosperm.	Promoter of the legumin-1 gene. Woo et al. (2001). Plant Cell, 13(10):2297-2318.
>P-linin
>P-linin_LINUS		Linum usitatissimum		leads to gene expression in seeds	Promoter of the linin gene (also referred to as legumin-like seed storage protein gene). Patent US 7642346.	112728
>P-lipid transfer protein
>P-ltp-MAIZE	P-Zm.Ltp	Zea mays		Promoter (directs transcription)	Promotor derived from a lipid transfer protein gene from Zea mays.
>P-ltp2-HORVU	P-Ltp2	Hordeum vulgare		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to cell-specific expression in the aleurone layer.	Promoter of a lipid transfer protein gene. Kalla (1994). The Plant Joumal, 6(6):849-860	105059
>P-rcc3-TRIDA	P-Td.Rcc3	Tripsacum dactyloides		Promoter (directs transcription)	Promotor derived from an RCc3 gene from Tripsacum dactyloides. Flasinski et al. (2019). Patent US10421974B2
>P-mac chimeric molecule
>P-mac1-SYNTH		Synthetic				103773
>P-MADS-box protein
>P-MADS-box protein m28_genome edited-MAIZE	AP1-FUL–Like MADS-Box gene, Agamous-like MADS-box protein AGL, Zmm28	Zea mays	Alteration in growth, development or product quality > Enhanced growth rate or yield	Increasing and extending the expression of m28 maize gene alters vegetative and reproductive growth parameters and significantly enhances yield. Wu et al. (2019) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116(47): 23850-23858. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1902593116	Promoter of MAD-box m28 gene encoding a MADS-box transcription factor
>P-male fertility protein
>P-ms44-MAIZE		Zea mays		Promoter (directs transcription).	Promoter region from the male-sterile mutant gene ms44. Fox et al. (2017). Plant Biotechnol J, 15, 942-952. doi: 10.1111/pbi.12689.
>P-mannopine synthase
>P-mas-RHIRD	P-mas-ARATH	Agrobacterium tumefaciens		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to tissue-specific expression in roots, also induced in undifferentiated plant cells by auxin and sensitive to auxin/cytokinin ratio and wounding.	Promoter of the mannopine synthase gene. Langridge et al. (1989). PNAS, 86(9):3219-3223	101417
>P-metallothionein-like
>P-mtl-MAIZE	MT-L	Zea mays		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to constitutive high expression in roots.	Promoter of the metallothionein-like gene. de Framond, A. (1991). FEBS 290, 103-106	103881
>P-multiple sequences
>P-gsp-SYNTH	GSP576-ARATH, GSP579-ARATH	Synthetic		Directs transcription in plant cells.	Promoter and 5' UTR that has been developed from multiple promoter and 5' UTR sequences from Arabidopsis thaliana. W. Davis and A. Shariff (2018). Patent WO2018136594.
>P-napin
>P-FP1-BRANA	NAP, gNa, seed storage protein	Brassica napus		leads to seed-specific expression (primarily in embryo but also in endosperm)	truncated napin promoter. Stalberg et al. (1993). Plant Mol Biol, 23, 671-683	101521
>P-napA-BRANA	NAP, seed storage protein	Brassica napus		leads to seed-specific expression (primarily in embryo but also in endosperm)	Promoter of seed storage protein napin A/B. Ellerström, M. (1996). Plant Molecular Biology 32, 1019-1027
>P-napin-BRARR	P-2S albumin	Brassica rapa		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to gene expression in developing seed embryo.	Promoter of the napin gene. Kridl, J. et al. (1991). Science Research, 1(4), 209-219	104354
>P-nopaline synthase
>P-nos-RHIRD	pNOS	Agrobacterium tumefaciens		Promoter (directs transcription).	Promoter region of the nopaline synthase gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA. Bevan et al. (1983). Nucleic Acids Res 11, 369-385; Fraley et al. (1983). Proc Nat L Acad Sci 80, 4803-4807	100270
>P-Peanut chlorotic streak virus
>P-PCSV	PC1SV, promoter from the full-length transcript (FLt) of Peanut chlorotic streak caulimovirus	Peanut chlorotic streak virus		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to high levels of expression in transgenic plant.	Promoter of the full-length transcript (FLt) with its single or double enhancer domains. Maiti, et al. (1998). Biochem Biophys Res Com, 244:440-444	104662
>P-peroxidase
>P-pox-WHEAT	P-perox	Triticum aestivum		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to expression in roots.	Promoter of the peroxidase gene. Hertig et al. (1991) Plant Mol Biol, 16(1):171-174.	10368
>P-peroxiredoxin
>P-pxr-LINUS		Linum usitatissimum		leads to gene expression in seeds	Promoter of peroxiredoxin. Duwenig, E. and Loyall, L.P. (2006). Patent WO2006089950 A2, WIPO
>P-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
>P-Pal2-PHAVU		Phaseolus vulgaris		Promoter (directs transcription). Expression induced by wounding, environmental factors, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and UV light.	Promoter of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (pal2). Cramer et al. (1989). Plant Mol Biol, 12(4):367-383; Levée and Séguin (2001). Tree Physiology, 21(10):665-672	105595
>P-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
>P-pepc-MAIZE		Zea mays		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to specific expression in the green tissue of the plant.	Promoter of the peroxidase phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) gene. Hudspeth and Grula (1989) Plant Mol Biol, 12(5):579-589	101404
>P-physical impedance induced protein
>P-pIIG-MAIZE		Zea mays		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to expression in roots.	Promoter sequence of the physical impedance induced protein gene. Huang et al. (1998). Plant Mol Biol, 37(6):921-930
>P-Phytophthora resistance
>P-rpi1-SOLBU	P-Rpi_blb1	Solanum bulbocastanum		Promoter (directs transcription).	Promoter of the Phytophthora infestans resistance gene Rpi-blb1 (alternatively RB). van der Vossen et al. (2003). Plant J, 36(6):867-883; Song et al. (2003). PNAS, 100(16):9128-9133	103777
>P-rpi1-SOLVN	Rpi-vnt1	Solanum venturii		Promoter (directs transcription).	Native promoter of the late blight resistance gene (Rpi-vnt1).	109062
>P-rpi2-SOLBU	P-blb2	Solanum bulbocastanum		Promoter (directs transcription).	Promoter of the Phytophthora infestans resistance gene Rpi-blb2. van der Vossen et al. (2005). Plant J, 44(2):208-222	103775
>P-polygalacturonase
>P-pg47-MAIZE		Zea mays		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to pollen-specific expression.	Promoter of the pollen polygalacturonase (Pg47) gene. Allen and Lonsdale (1993) Plant J, 3(2):261-271	105055
>P-ribosomal RNA operon
>P-rrn-RHIRD		Agrobacterium tumefaciens		Promoter (directs transcription).	Promoter of the ribosomal RNA operon from Agrobacterium tumefaciens that drives transcription in bacteria. Bautista-Zapanta et al. (2002) Nucleic Acids Res Suppl, (2): 91-2. doi: 10.1093/nass/2.1.91.
>P-Rice tungro baciliform virus
>P-RTBV-1		Rice tungro bacilliform virus		Promoter (directs transcription).	Promoter and leader derived from Rice tungro bacilliform virus inducing expression in vascular tissues
>P-RNA binding protein
>P-rgb2-MAIZE	Gly promoter	Zea mays		Promoter (directs transcription).	Promoter sequence of the glycine-rich RNA-binding protein 2 gene from Zea mays. Patent WO2019034027A1
>P-RuBisCO small subunit
>P-rbcS-ARATH	P-Arab-SSU1A, P-RuBisCO-SSU, P-ssuAra, PssuAt, ats1A	Arabidopsis thaliana		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to highest level of expression in green tissues.	Promoter of the ribulose- 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) small subunit gene. Almeida et al. (1989) Mol Gen Genet, 218(1):78-86	103851
>P-rbcS-ORYSA		Oryza sativa		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to mesophyll-specific, light-induced expression.	Promoter of the ribulose- 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) small subunit gene. Kyozuka et al. (1993) Plant Phys, 102(3):991-1000
>P-S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase
>P-sams-SOYBN		Glycine max		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to constitutive expression.	Promoter of the S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase gene. Falco and Li (2007). Patent: US 7,217,858 B2	103895
>P-sams2-CUCME	P-SAM2-Cm1	Cucumis melo		Promoter (directs transcription).	Intron, 5'-terminal untranslated region, and promoter sequence of the SAMS2 gene encoding S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthase in melon. GenBank OK149194
>P-SETL
>P-setl-BRANA		Brassica napus		leads to gene expression in seeds	Promoter of SETL. Bauer, J. and Senger, T. (2010). Patent WO2010000708, WIPO
>P-Strawberry vein banding caulimovirus
>P-SVBV		Strawberry vein banding caulimovirus		Promoter (directs transcription)	Promoter from the full-length transcript (FLt) of Strawberry vein Banding caulimovirus; Pattanaik S, et al. (2004). Plant Sci. 167,3 427 438.	109045
>P-Subterranean clover stunt virus
>P-s1-SCSV	P-SCSV1	Subterranean clover stunt virus		Promoter (directs transcription)	S1 promoter derived from Subterranean clover stunt virus DNA segment 1 (SCSV1); Boevink et al. (1995). Virology, 207(2):354-61. GenBank AY159021	114438
>P-s7s7-SCSV		Subterranean clover stunt virus		Promoter (directs transcription)	Duplicated promoter region derived from Subterranean clover stunt virus genome segment 7 in counter clockwise direction. Boevink et al. (1995) Virology, 207(2): 354-361	101021
>P-sucrose binding protein
>P-sbp-VICFA		Vicia faba		leads to gene expression in late development stage of seeds	Promoter of sucrose binding related protein. Grimes, H.D. et al. (1992). Plant Cell 4, 1561-1574
>P-Sugarcane bacilliform virus
>P-SCBV		Sugarcane bacilliform virus		drives constitutive expression in most organs of both monocots and dicots; Tzafriret al. (1998). Plant Mol Biol, 38, 347-356	Promoter of the Sugarcane bacilliform badnavirus; Bouhida et al. (1993). J Gen Virol, 74, 15-22
>P-TA29 tapetal specific
>P-ta29-TOBAC	P-TA29 pollen specific, Pta29, TA-29	Nicotiana tabacum		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to anther-specific expression in tapetal cells.	Promoter of theTA-29 gene. Seurinck et al. (1990). Nucleic Acid Res, 18(11), 3403	101407
>P-tac chimeric molecule
>P-tac-SYNTH		Synthetic				101408
>P-thymidine kinase
>P-tonoplast membrane integral protein
>P-tip1-SETIT	Tonoplast intrinsic protein 1	Setaria italica		Promoter. Tonoplast Intrinsic Proteins (TIPs) constitute a significant class of the aquaporins. Kurowska (2021) Genes 12, 477. doi: 10.3390/genes12040477	Promoter of a tonoplast membrane integral protein gene from Setaria italica (foxtail millet).
>P-Trans-activating transcriptional regulatory protein
>P-ie1-AcMNPV	Immediate-Early 1 Transcriptional Regulatory Protein	Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus		shows as strong regulator expression when combined with hr5 enhancer (a.k.a. hr5-ie1 promoter).	Immediate-early-1 gene promoter. Kovacs G.R., et al. (1992). JVI, 66(12), 7429-7437	105018
>P-translation factor sui1-like
>P-gos2-MAIZE	TIF	Zea mays		Promotes moderate, constitutive expression and is expected to be active in all tissue types in monocotyledons.	Promoter of translation initiation factor gos2 gene from the Zea mays.	115789
>P-triosephosphate isomerase
>P-tpi1-SCHPM	pot, tpi	Schizosaccharomyces pombe		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to a high level of gene expression.	Promoter of the triosephosphate isomerase gene. Russell (1985). Gene, 40:125-130
>P-tpi1-YEASX	tpi	Saccharomyces cerevisiae		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to a high level of gene expression.	Promoter of the triosephosphate isomerase gene. Russell (1985). Gene, 40:125-130
>P-ubiquitin
>P-ubi-ANACO		Ananas comosus		leads to constitutive gene expression	promoter of the tetrameric ubiquitin (Ubi) gene from Ananas, including endogenous intron; length: 1,5 kb + 1.057 kb for the endogenous intron.
>P-ubi-ANDGE		Andropogon gerardii
>P-ubi-ARUDO		Arundo donax		Promoter (directs transcription)	Promoter of ubiquitin from Arundo donax
>P-ubi-COILA		Coix lacryma-jobi		Promoter (directs transcription)	Promoter of ubiquitin from Coix lacryma-jobi
>P-ubi-TRIRV		Tripidium ravennae		Promoter (directs transcription).	Promoter of ubiquitin from Tripidium ravennae
>P-ubi1-CUCME	P-Ubq-Cm1	Cucumis melo		Promoter (directs transcription).	Promoter, leader, and intron sequence of the putative ubiquitin 1 gene from melon. GenBank OK149193
>P-ubi1-MAIZE	P-ZmUbi1, P-ubiZM1	Zea mays		Promoter (directs transcription)	Promoter region of the polyubiquitin gene. Christensen et al. (1992). Plant Mol Biol, 18, 675-689	100362
>P-ubi10-ARATH	P-AtUbi10	Arabidopsis thaliana		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to constitutive expression.	Promoter of the Ubiquitin-10 gene. Norris et al. (1993). Plant Mol Biol, 21(5):895-906	104802
>P-ubi3-ARATH	P-ubiAt3	Arabidopsis thaliana		Promoter (directs transcription). Leads to constitutive expression.	Promoter of the Ubiquitin-3 gene. Norris et al. (1993). Plant Mol Biol, 21(5):895-906	101874
>P-ubi3-ORYSA		Oryza sativa		Promoter (directs transcription).	Promoter of the ubiquitin 3 gene from rice.
>P-ubi3-WHEAT		Triticum aestivum

European GMO Initiative for a Unified Database System

List with GMOs and genetic elements